Arizona Mountains forests ecoregion

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Arizona Mountains forests

RESOLVE 346

The Arizona Mountains forests — the sky-island and Mogollon Rim forest belt of central and eastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and a thin strip in adjacent Mexico. Elevation banding from desert grassland and pinyon-juniper through ponderosa pine + Gambel oak, Douglas fir + aspen + white fir at higher elevations, and isolated subalpine spruce-fir on the highest peaks (Humphreys Peak, Mt. Baldy). The 'Madrean sky islands' on the southern edge connect biotic elements of the Sierra Madre Occidental with the Southwest US.

Marker placed inside the RESOLVE 2017 polygon at 34.1°N, 110.4°W.

Climate snapshot for this ecoregion

°C

°F

USDA zone range (now)

6b-9b

USDA

What seed packets and nursery tags reference. Coldest-day survival semantics.

Plotwright projection (2041–2070)

8a-11b

Plotwright

Where CHELSA models say the typical winter month is heading.

Average warming this ecoregion is on track for: +3.7°F by mid-century. SSP3-7.0 (current trajectory) · CHELSA v2.1 bio06 sampled across 10 of 10 points within this ecoregion's bounding box.

• Megafire severity (Wallow 2011, Bighorn 2020, others) is reshaping the ecoregion — fire-suppression-driven fuel accumulation + warming + multi-year drought compound on ponderosa pine + mixed-conifer stands.

• Pinyon pine mortality from the 2002-2003 drought event reset stand structure across hundreds of thousands of acres; recovery has been slow under continued warming.

• Garden-relevant: Madrean sky-island natives (Arizona cypress, alligator juniper, native penstemons, agaves) are a high-leverage palette for the broader Southwest as warming extends the desert-grassland envelope upslope.

At a glance

States / provinces

Arizona, New Mexico

Dominant biome

Temperate Conifer Forests

Realm

Nearctic

Approximate area

42,830 sq mi

Elevation range

4,500 – 12,633 ft

Climate type

Hot to cold semi-arid, alpine on peaks (Köppen BSk / Dsb / Dsc upper)

Conservation tier

Nature Imperiled (Dinerstein NNH 4)

About the temperate conifer forests biome

Temperate forests dominated by evergreen conifers, from coastal rainforests to montane pine and fir stands. Adapted to cool, moist or seasonally dry climates, they include some of the tallest and longest-lived trees on the planet.

National refinement sub-regions

Within this RESOLVE ecoregion, national agencies recognise finer-grained sub-regions. Plotwright assigns each sub-region polygon to its containing RESOLVE polygon by centroid.

EPA Level III (US-only) — 2 sub-regions

22 · Arizona/New Mexico Plateau

23 · Arizona/New Mexico Mountains

Source: USGS / EPA via Omernik (1987).

What's native here

Catalog plants whose Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center native-distribution range overlaps the 2-state/province roster for this ecoregion. Distinct from the “suited” section below — these are plants that belong here, not just plants that will grow here.

Grain caveat: native here means “native to at least one state / province this ecoregion crosses,” not necessarily native to this ecoregion's specific habitat. A plant tied to wet meadows that crosses Ontario will surface for any Ontario-spanning ecoregion. Finer per-ecoregion native-status data is a future arc.

Catalog plants suited to this ecoregion

Computed from each plant's stated USDA zone range against this ecoregion's USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map 2023 (1991-2020 climatology) via ArcGIS FeatureServer published current zone range, with the CHELSA mid-century warming delta applied for the projection. Plants whose stated range falls outside both the current and projected zone end up dropped; the rest land in one of the three buckets below.

Climate-resilient picks · 273

These plants fit this ecoregion today AND remain in range under the mid-century SSP3-7.0 projection. Lead with these for a planting that holds up as the climate shifts.

American red raspberry

Bearberry (kinnikinnick)

Black tupelo (black gum)

Calendula (pot marigold)

Canadian serviceberry

Cantaloupe

Cardinal flower

Carolina allspice (sweetshrub)

Firecracker penstemon

Fragrant plantain lily

Maypop (purple passionflower)

Northern maidenhair fern

Short-toothed mountain mint

Summersweet (sweet pepperbush)

Tulip tree (yellow poplar)

Currently suited · 5

These plants fit the ecoregion as it is today, but the mid-century projection moves them outside their stated zone range — plan for them to struggle by 2070.

Newly possible by 2070 · 10

These plants don't fit the current zone range yet, but the mid-century projection brings them into reach. Long-horizon picks for the climate-adaptation wedge.

Wildlife your native plants here support

What this surface IS — and isn't

Inferred from the relationships catalog plants native to this region have with wildlife. We don't carry direct wildlife-range data per ecoregion — this lists what your native plant palette here can support, not a verified checklist of what occurs here. Cross-check the range note on each wildlife's detail page before treating a row as a presence claim.

Only plants with structured native-distribution data contribute here. Old World cultivars and most vegetables are excluded by design — this view shows “what your native palette supports,” not “what your whole garden does.” It will grow as more plants gain native-range data.

Larval hosts · 18

Plants that caterpillars and other larvae feed on while growing.

Butterfly

Eastern tiger swallowtail

Papilio glaucus

10 native plants here: American plum, Black cherry, Eastern cottonwood + 7 more

Butterfly · Specialist support

Skipper butterflies

Hesperiidae (family-level entry)

10 native plants here: Big bluestem, Blue grama, Little bluestem + 7 more

Butterfly · Specialist support

Monarch butterfly

Danaus plexippus

7 native plants here: Butterfly weed, Swamp milkweed, Aromatic aster + 4 more

Moth

Polyphemus moth

Antheraea polyphemus

7 native plants here: Black cherry, Bur oak, Chokecherry + 4 more

Butterfly

Common buckeye

Junonia coenia

6 native plants here: Blue vervain, Firecracker penstemon, Canada goldenrod + 3 more

Moth

Hummingbird clearwing moth

Hemaris thysbe

5 native plants here: American plum, Black cherry, Chokecherry + 2 more

Moth

Io moth

Automeris io

5 native plants here: American red raspberry, Common hackberry, Eastern cottonwood + 2 more

Butterfly

Spring azure

Celastrina ladon

5 native plants here: American plum, Black cherry, Blue elderberry + 2 more

Butterfly

Mourning cloak

Nymphalis antiopa

4 native plants here: Common hackberry, Eastern cottonwood, Fremont cottonwood + 1 more

Butterfly

Pearl crescent

Phyciodes tharos

4 native plants here: Aromatic aster, New England aster, Smooth blue aster + 1 more

Butterfly

Red-spotted purple

Limenitis arthemis astyanax

4 native plants here: Black cherry, Chokecherry, Eastern cottonwood + 1 more

Moth

Hawkmoths

Sphingidae (family-level entry)

3 native plants here: Black cherry, Chokecherry, Wild bergamot

Butterfly

Viceroy

Limenitis archippus

3 native plants here: Eastern cottonwood, Fremont cottonwood, Quaking aspen

Moth

Cecropia moth

Hyalophora cecropia

2 native plants here: Black cherry, Chokecherry

Moth · Specialist support

Milkweed tussock moth

Euchaetes egle

2 native plants here: Butterfly weed, Swamp milkweed

Butterfly

Eastern comma

Polygonia comma

1 native plant here: Common hackberry

Moth

Imperial moth

Eacles imperialis

1 native plant here: Bur oak

Butterfly

Silvery checkerspot

Chlosyne nycteis

1 native plant here: Cutleaf coneflower

Pollinators · 5

Wildlife that moves pollen between flowers as it forages.

Bee · Specialist support

Common eastern bumblebee

Bombus impatiens

23 native plants here: American red raspberry, Aromatic aster, Butterfly weed + 20 more

Bee

European honeybee

Apis mellifera

17 native plants here: Common sunflower, American plum, Black cherry + 14 more

Bird · Specialist support

Ruby-throated hummingbird

Archilochus colubris

8 native plants here: Wild columbine, Cardinal flower, Blue vervain + 5 more

Bee

Mason bees

Osmia spp.

4 native plants here: American plum, Black cherry, Chokecherry + 1 more

Bee

Eastern carpenter bee

Xylocopa virginica

2 native plants here: Butterfly weed, Wild columbine

Nectar foragers · 8

Wildlife drawing nectar from the plant.

Bee

Sweat bees

Lasioglossum spp.

8 native plants here: Blue vervain, California fuchsia, American plum + 5 more

Fly

Hover flies (flower flies)

Syrphidae

7 native plants here: Aromatic aster, Canada goldenrod, Common yarrow + 4 more

Bird

Baltimore oriole

Icterus galbula

6 native plants here: Cardinal flower, Firecracker penstemon, American elderberry + 3 more

Bee

American bumblebee

Bombus pensylvanicus

5 native plants here: Canada goldenrod, New England aster, Wild bergamot + 2 more

Bee

Rusty-patched bumble bee

Bombus affinis

5 native plants here: Aromatic aster, New England aster, Smooth blue aster + 2 more

Butterfly

Great spangled fritillary

Speyeria cybele

1 native plant here: Blue vervain

Other

Green lacewings

Chrysopidae

1 native plant here: Common yarrow

Butterfly

Painted lady

Vanessa cardui

1 native plant here: New England aster

Pollen foragers · 4

Wildlife collecting pollen for food or provisioning.

Bee

Stem-nesting native bees

multiple genera (Ceratina, Hylaeus, Osmia, etc.)

9 native plants here: Firecracker penstemon, American elderberry, Big bluestem + 6 more

Bee

Long-horned bees

Melissodes spp.

7 native plants here: Aromatic aster, Canada goldenrod, Common sunflower + 4 more

Bee

Mining bees

Andrena spp.

5 native plants here: American plum, Black cherry, Chokecherry + 2 more

Bee

Leafcutter bees

Megachile spp.

3 native plants here: Blue vervain, Wild bergamot, Western redbud

Fruit foragers · 7

Wildlife eating the plant’s fruit.

Bird

Eastern songbirds (multi-species)

multiple species (Passeriformes)

25 native plants here: American elderberry, American plum, American red raspberry + 22 more

Bird

Downy woodpecker

Dryobates pubescens

9 native plants here: American elderberry, Blue elderberry, Golden currant + 6 more

Mammal

White-tailed deer

Odocoileus virginianus

8 native plants here: Common hackberry, Bur oak, American elderberry + 5 more

Bird

American robin

Turdus migratorius

6 native plants here: American elderberry, Black cherry, Blue elderberry + 3 more

Bird

Eastern bluebird

Sialia sialis

5 native plants here: American elderberry, Black cherry, Blue elderberry + 2 more

Bird

Cedar waxwing

Bombycilla cedrorum

3 native plants here: Black cherry, Chokecherry, Common hackberry

Bird

Eastern phoebe

Sayornis phoebe

3 native plants here: American elderberry, Eastern cottonwood, Red-osier dogwood

Seed foragers · 2

Wildlife eating the plant’s seed.

Bird · Specialist support

American goldfinch

Spinus tristis

3 native plants here: Common sunflower, Cutleaf coneflower, New England aster

Mammal

Eastern gray squirrel

Sciurus carolinensis

1 native plant here: Bur oak

Shelter · 3

Wildlife nesting in or sheltered by the plant.

Bird

Black-capped chickadee

Poecile atricapillus

7 native plants here: American plum, Black cherry, Bur oak + 4 more

Beetle

Lady beetles

Coccinellidae

5 native plants here: American elderberry, Black cherry, Canada goldenrod + 2 more

Beetle

Common eastern firefly

Photinus pyralis

3 native plants here: American elderberry, Bur oak, Quaking aspen

Collections for this ecoregion

Curated multi-plant collections whose members all fit this ecoregion's zone range — no won't-grow members smuggled in. Overall fit class shown per collection is the weakest link across its members.

Climate-resilient · 2 plants

Bright shade foundation

A part-shade starting point with shrub structure and low foliage contrast.

Annabelle hydrangea

Coral bells

Climate-resilient · 8 plants

Climate-resilient natives for warming zones (eastern NA)

A pollinator-supporting palette of eastern NA natives whose USDA zone range and broad continental distribution score high on the climate-resilience composite. Every plant tolerates 6-7 USDA zones and is native across 15+ US states + multiple Canadian provinces. Holds up under the SSP3-7.0 mid-century projection without the gardener trading wildlife value for resilience.

Switchgrass

Little bluestem

Common milkweed

Black-eyed Susan

Wild bergamot

Sweet Joe-Pye weed

Cutleaf coneflower

New England aster

Climate-resilient · 6 plants

Mediterranean drought-tolerant edible

A low-water edible palette of culinary herbs + a hardy grape for hot dry sunny sites. Mediterranean-origin plants thrive on neglect; their primary failure mode is overwatering, not underwatering.

English lavender

Rosemary

Garden sage

Oregano

Common thyme

Fox grape

Climate-resilient · 9 plants

Native pollinator border (eastern US)

A continuous-bloom native pollinator strip for eastern North America. Covers spring through frost with host + nectar plants spanning monarchs, native bees, hummingbirds, and specialist Lepidoptera. Little bluestem provides the matrix grass + Hesperiidae host.