South American Pacific mangroves
South American Pacific mangroves
The South American Pacific mangroves fringe the Pacific coast of Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru, threading through estuaries and river mouths along the Neotropical shoreline. Their characteristic vegetation is a mix of black, white, red, and tea mangroves, with the regionally endemic Avicennia tonduzi and Avicennia bicolor occurring here; the southernmost stands in the Virrila and Piura estuaries are made up only of black mangrove (Avicennia germinans). The climate is broadly equatorial and humid but spans a dramatic moisture gradient, from very high rainfall in the wet north to near-desert conditions in the arid Piura region of the far south. These tidal forests are exceptionally rich habitat, sustaining flagship wildlife such as the crab-eating raccoon and the critically endangered mangrove finch, alongside clams such as Anadara tuberculosa that local communities harvest. Much of the ecoregion remains under pressure from coastal conversion, and roughly 40,000 hectares of Ecuadorian mangrove were cleared for shrimp ponds in the 1980s and early 1990s before losses stabilized.
RESOLVE 615
Neotropic
5,231 sq mi
Mangroves
Tipo de paisagem
Mangroves
Região vegetal
Neotropic
Pegada da região
5,231 sq mi
Pressão sobre o habitat
Nature Could Reach Half Protected (Dinerstein NNH 2)
Origem e cuidado
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Use isto como o padrão geral de plantio para a região: Coastal tidal forests of salt-tolerant trees rooted in sheltered estuaries and shorelines of the tropics and subtropics. Mangroves buffer coasts from storms, store large amounts of carbon, and serve as nurseries for fish and shellfish. Para decisões de jardim, combine esse contexto com a lista de plantas abaixo e depois refine pelas restrições de luz, água, solo e tamanho adulto do seu local.
Range & origins
Marker placed inside the RESOLVE 2017 polygon at 2.5°N, 78.2°W.
A região ao longo do tempo
Pegada moderna
RESOLVE 2017 mapeia 5,231 sq mi
Este limite é uma pegada ecológica moderna de South American Pacific mangroves, não uma linha permanente no planeta. É útil para o contexto atual de plantas e fauna porque segue padrões recorrentes de vegetação, clima, relevo e perturbações.
Por que aqui
Condições de mangroves
A região fica no reino Neotropic e é classificada como mangroves. Altitude, umidade, fogo, solos, costas e o uso humano da terra podem tornar a paisagem real mais variada do que uma única cor no mapa sugere.
Pressão de mudança
Nature Could Reach Half Protected
O Plotwright mostra isto como a pegada RESOLVE atual. Ao longo de décadas a séculos, o aquecimento, as perturbações, as espécies invasoras, o uso da terra e a restauração podem mover a borda viva de uma região mesmo quando o mapa de referência permanece fixo.
Regiões de plantio semelhantes
Explore outras regiões com um ritmo semelhante de verões quentes e secos. Suas listas de plantas podem sugerir espécies e combinações que valem a pena comparar.
RESOLVE 611 - Neotropic
Amazon-Orinoco-Southern Caribbean mangroves
The Amazon-Orinoco-Southern Caribbean mangroves form a vast coastal ecoregion in the Neotropics, fringing the Caribbean shores of Colombia and Venezuela and the Atlantic coasts of Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, and northeastern Brazil, including the Brazilian states of Amapá, Pará, and Maranhão. Shaped by the outflow of the Amazon and Orinoco rivers, its tidal wetlands are dominated by salt-tolerant mangroves such as Rhizophora racemosa and Avicennia schaueriana, alongside green buttonwood and the familiar red, white, and black mangroves. The climate is equatorial and fully humid, with year-round warmth roughly between 22 and 31 degrees Celsius and abundant rainfall averaging around 2,500 millimetres annually. These constantly flooded forests shelter rich birdlife and wildlife, from the scarlet ibis and American flamingo to giant otters, manatees, and nesting sea turtles, and the ecoregion's flagship is the critically endangered sapphire-bellied hummingbird. Though much of it remains relatively intact, mangrove stands here face mounting pressure from urbanization, pollution, and timber extraction.
Mangroves
Zones 11a-13b
+3.2°F by 2070
15,921 sq mi
NNH tier 1
RESOLVE 612 - Neotropic
Bahamian-Antillean mangroves
The Bahamian-Antillean mangroves form a Neotropical mangrove ecoregion scattered across the islands of the Caribbean and the western Atlantic, spanning jurisdictions that include Cuba, The Bahamas, Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Jamaica, Puerto Rico, the Turks and Caicos, the Cayman Islands, and the US Virgin Islands. Its tidal forests are built from four characteristic salt-tolerant trees: red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), black mangrove (Avicennia germinans), white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa), and buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus). The climate is subtropical and strongly hurricane-exposed, with rainfall declining from the wetter northern islands toward the drier south. These shallow-water forests shelter notable wildlife, serving as habitat for West Indian manatees, marine turtles, and American flamingos, with the Northern Bahamian rock iguana recognized as the ecoregion's flagship species. Coastal tourism development and sea-level rise are leading threats, which matters to gardeners because buttonwood (Conocarpus) native here is among the region's hardiest salt- and wind-tolerant coastal plants.
Mangroves
Zones 12a-13b
+3.0°F by 2070
8,486 sq mi
NNH tier 2
RESOLVE 613 - Neotropic
Mesoamerican Gulf-Caribbean mangroves
The Mesoamerican Gulf-Caribbean mangroves form a chain of disconnected coastal wetlands along the eastern, Caribbean-facing coast of Central America, spanning Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, from Tampico on the Gulf of Mexico south to Panama. The habitat is dominated by red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), black mangrove (Avicennia germinans), and white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa), often with button mangrove and associated trees such as Pterocarpus officinalis and the leather fern Acrostichum aureum. The climate is tropical savanna (Köppen Aw) with a pronounced dry season and stable year-round temperatures, and the region is shaped heavily by periodic hurricanes and other extreme weather. These mangroves are recognized as areas of high biodiversity and endemism, sheltering wildlife including Baird's tapir and the flagship hawksbill sea turtle, and roughly 57% of their collective area is under some form of official protection through national parks and biosphere reserves. Among the native associated plants is Pachira aquatica, a freshwater-swamp tree familiar to gardeners well beyond its range.
Mangroves
Zones 13a-13b
+3.1°F by 2070
10,338 sq mi
NNH tier 1
RESOLVE 614 - Neotropic
Northern Mesoamerican Pacific mangroves
The Northern Mesoamerican Pacific Coast mangroves fringe the lagoons and estuaries of northwestern Mexico, spanning the southern Baja California peninsula (Baja California Sur) and the Gulf of California coasts of Sonora and northern Sinaloa, where they form the northernmost mangroves on the Pacific Coast of North America. The forests are built from the classic neotropical mangrove quartet: red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa), black mangrove (Avicennia germinans), and buttonwood (Conocarpus erectus). Sitting in an arid, transitional zone between tropical and temperate seas, the climate is dry with only occasional summer and winter rain, and the nutrient-poor conditions keep many stands stunted, sometimes barely a meter tall. Despite their modest stature, these mangroves are vital nurseries for oysters, crabs, juvenile fish, and invertebrate larvae and shelter birds such as the San Blas jay and purplish-backed jay. The ecoregion is classed as critical or endangered, having lost large areas to coastal development, which makes its remaining tangled, salt-tolerant thickets a conservation priority.
Mangroves
Zones 11a-13b
+2.9°F by 2070
3,167 sq mi
NNH tier 3
RESOLVE 616 - Neotropic
Southern Atlantic Brazilian mangroves
The Southern Atlantic Brazilian mangroves form a chain of estuarine and brackish tidal forests scattered along the South Atlantic coast of Brazil, reaching from the southeastern shoreline near the Paraíba do Sul estuary south toward Santa Catarina and including the Bahia and Espírito Santo coasts. The canopy is built from the classic Atlantic mangrove trio: red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), black mangrove (Avicennia), and white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa), trees that root in shifting tidal sediments and reach roughly nine to twenty meters tall. The setting is tropical and humid, with rainfall and dry seasons that vary from one stretch of coast to the next. These forests serve as nurseries for fish, crabs, shrimp, and mollusks, host sea turtles and the West Indian manatee, and provide stopover habitat for migratory shorebirds, yet they are pressured by urban expansion, timber cutting, and industrial pollution. For coastal gardeners, the takeaway is ecological rather than ornamental: mangroves are specialized salt-tolerant wetland trees that anchor shorelines rather than border plants for cultivated beds.
Mangroves
Zones 12b-13b
+3.0°F by 2070
3,912 sq mi
NNH tier 2
RESOLVE 617 - Neotropic
Southern Mesoamerican Pacific mangroves
The Southern Mesoamerican Pacific mangroves trace the Pacific coast of Central America, spanning Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama, with its northernmost reach along the Chiapas and Oaxaca coastal plain. These are tidal mangrove forests built from red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle), black mangrove, white mangrove (Laguncularia racemosa), and button and tea mangroves in shifting assemblages, alongside the water zapotón (Pachira aquatica), with trees reaching up to 25 meters tall. The climate is tropical but uneven across the region, ranging from wet sectors receiving roughly 2,500 to 3,000 mm of rain a year to drier coastal stretches around 1,400 to 1,600 mm with temperatures near 27 to 29 degrees Celsius. The ecoregion shelters notable wildlife including jaguars, tapirs, and crocodiles, and is home to two endemic, endangered birds, the mangrove hummingbird and the yellow-billed cotinga, with a large area protected in Costa Rica by Corcovado National Park. For gardeners, the native Pachira aquatica is widely grown elsewhere as the ornamental "money tree."
Mangroves
Zones 13b
+3.1°F by 2070
3,036 sq mi
NNH tier 1
Sources & citations
Cite this page
Para planos de aula, artigos ou notas de plantio regionais que usem esta página do Plotwright. Para citar a estrutura de ecorregiões subjacente ou um perfil editorial específico, use os cartões de fontes abaixo.
Plotwright. (n.d.). South American Pacific mangroves (South American Pacific mangroves). Retrieved 2026, June 15, from https://plotwright.garden/regions/resolve-615
Fontes para esta região
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RESOLVE 2017 Terrestrial Ecoregions (Dinerstein et al.)
Estrutura principal de ecorregiões
Backs 4 fields
ID do RESOLVE
Bioma + reino
Área
Nível NNH