Santa Marta páramo
Santa Marta páramo
The Santa Marta páramo occupies the highest reaches of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, an isolated mountain massif rising from the Caribbean coast of northern Colombia, separate from the main Andes, and it forms the northernmost stretch of páramo in South America. Above the treeline near 3,300 meters and below the permanent snowline around 5,000 meters, the landscape is a cold, high-elevation mosaic of tussock grassland, low scrublands and shrubs, bogs, and marshes, grading into sparse cushion grasses near the peaks. Rainfall is concentrated in the wetter months from roughly May to September, and the massif's isolation has produced exceptional endemism, including the plant genera Raouliopsis and Castanedia. Of the 125 angiosperm species endemic to the Sierra Nevada, 61 are confined to the páramo itself, and the ecoregion serves as habitat for the flagship Santa Marta parakeet. Much of the original vegetation has been lost to agriculture, settlement, and mining, and the surviving páramo is protected within Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta National Park.
RESOLVE 594
Neotropic
480 sq mi
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Tipo de paisagem
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Região vegetal
Neotropic
Pegada da região
480 sq mi
Pressão sobre o habitat
Half Protected (Dinerstein NNH 1)
Origem e cuidado
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Use isto como o padrão geral de plantio para a região: High-elevation grasslands, meadows, and shrublands above the treeline or in mountain basins, including alpine and páramo systems. Cool temperatures, intense sunlight, and specialized, often endemic flora characterize them. Para decisões de jardim, combine esse contexto com a lista de plantas abaixo e depois refine pelas restrições de luz, água, solo e tamanho adulto do seu local.
Range & origins
Marker placed inside the RESOLVE 2017 polygon at 10.8°N, 73.7°W.
A região ao longo do tempo
Pegada moderna
RESOLVE 2017 mapeia 480 sq mi
Este limite é uma pegada ecológica moderna de Santa Marta páramo, não uma linha permanente no planeta. É útil para o contexto atual de plantas e fauna porque segue padrões recorrentes de vegetação, clima, relevo e perturbações.
Por que aqui
Condições de montane grasslands & shrublands
A região fica no reino Neotropic e é classificada como montane grasslands & shrublands. Altitude, umidade, fogo, solos, costas e o uso humano da terra podem tornar a paisagem real mais variada do que uma única cor no mapa sugere.
Pressão de mudança
Half Protected
O Plotwright mostra isto como a pegada RESOLVE atual. Ao longo de décadas a séculos, o aquecimento, as perturbações, as espécies invasoras, o uso da terra e a restauração podem mover a borda viva de uma região mesmo quando o mapa de referência permanece fixo.
Regiões de plantio semelhantes
Explore outras regiões com um ritmo semelhante de verões quentes e secos. Suas listas de plantas podem sugerir espécies e combinações que valem a pena comparar.
RESOLVE 587 - Neotropic
Central Andean dry puna
The Central Andean dry puna spans the high Altiplano of the southern Andes across Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile, occupying the arid zone between the tree line and the permanent snow line east of the Atacama Desert. Its vegetation is mostly high-elevation grassland dominated by bunchgrasses of the genera Stipa and Festuca, with dry shrublands lower down and scattered Polylepis woodlands at higher elevations; this includes Polylepis tarapacana, the woody plant that grows at the highest elevations in the world. The climate is dry and cold, ranging from cold steppe to cold desert and receiving less than 400 millimeters of rainfall annually, and the landscape is studded with volcanoes and vast salt flats such as Uyuni, Coipasa, and Atacama. Wild camelids including the vicuna roam the puna, the endangered Andean cat is the flagship species, and the region's saline lakes and bofedal wetlands support Andean, James's, and Chilean flamingos. Cushion-forming alpine genera such as Werneria and Nototriche, along with hardy high-altitude Senecio shrubs, are among the cold-adapted plants native here.
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Zones 8b-12a
+4.5°F by 2070
98,778 sq mi
NNH tier 2
RESOLVE 588 - Neotropic
Central Andean puna
The Central Andean puna is a high-elevation montane grassland and shrubland ecoregion of the southern Andes, stretching from southern Peru through Bolivia into northern Chile and Argentina, generally between about 3,200 and 6,600 meters above sea level. Its landscape of open meadows, plateaus, high lakes, and snow-capped peaks is dominated by tussock or bunchgrass grasslands built from genera such as Calamagrostis, Agrostis, and Festuca, dotted with herbs, moss, and lichen, and accented by Polylepis (queñoa) woodland, Azorella cushion plants, and the giant bromeliad Puya raimondii. The climate is cold and semi-arid, with annual temperatures ranging from below freezing to about 15 degrees Celsius and yearly rainfall of roughly 250 to 500 millimeters. The region remains an important refuge for hardy Andean wildlife, including the vicuna, guanaco, chinchilla, and its flagship bird, Darwin's rhea, though habitat is increasingly pressured by grazing, burning, mining, and agriculture. For gardeners drawn to rugged high-altitude flora, the puna is the native home of the dramatic Puya raimondii, prized for producing one of the tallest flower spikes in the plant world.
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Zones 8b-13b
+4.0°F by 2070
82,099 sq mi
NNH tier 1
RESOLVE 589 - Neotropic
Central Andean wet puna
The Central Andean wet puna stretches across the high Andes of Peru and eastern Bolivia, blanketing plateaus, glacial valleys, and lake basins generally above 3,500 metres in elevation. Its dominant cover is high-elevation montane grassland woven from bunchgrass genera such as Festuca, Calamagrostis, Stipa, Agrostis, and Paspalum, interspersed with gnarled Polylepis woodlands, the giant rosette bromeliad Puya raimondii, and waterlogged cushion-plant bogs (bofedales) of species like Distichia muscoides. The climate is cold and seasonally wet, with nightly freezes year-round in the upper zones and a rainy season that lengthens from roughly two months in the south to about eight months in the north. All four South American camelids occur here (vicuna, llama, guanaco, and alpaca) alongside puma and Andean fox, and the ecoregion harbors many endemic birds, including the critically endangered royal cinclodes, which depends on the dwindling Polylepis forests now threatened by grazing, burning, and mining. For high, cold gardens the puna offers hardy native ornamentals, from the dramatic Puya to cool-season tussock grasses such as Festuca, Calamagrostis, and Stipa.
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Zones 10a-13b
+3.9°F by 2070
45,316 sq mi
NNH tier 3
RESOLVE 590 - Neotropic
Cordillera Central páramo
The Cordillera Central páramo is a high-Andean ecoregion that spans the treeless heights of northern Peru (the Piura and Cajamarca regions) and southernmost Ecuador, lying near the Marañón Valley in three distinct oblong patches. Above the treeline at roughly 3,200 metres and reaching toward the permanent snowline near 4,500 metres, it is covered in tussock bunchgrasses such as Calamagrostis and Agrostis along with cushion plants, low shrubs, and sedges, often over a mat of lichens and moss; characteristic woody genera include Hypericum, Polylepis, and Escallonia. The climate is cold, wet, and very cloudy, with high rainfall and temperatures that can drop below freezing. Because these isolated sky-island habitats foster high endemism, the ecoregion shelters notable wildlife including the endangered mountain tapir, its flagship species, along with the spectacled bear and northern pudú. For gardeners, the region is also the native home of quinine (Cinchona officinalis), the tree historically prized for its bark.
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Zones 11b-13b
+3.9°F by 2070
4,699 sq mi
NNH tier 3
RESOLVE 591 - Neotropic
Cordillera de Merida páramo
The Cordillera de Mérida páramo is a high-altitude grassland and shrubland ecoregion in western Venezuela, occupying isolated patches above the treeline within the Cordillera de Mérida massif, south of Lake Maracaibo. Its dry páramo is defined by the spectacular giant rosettes of Espeletia (frailejones), alongside tussock grasses, dwarf bamboo, cushion plants, and lichens, with Polylepis woodlands forming an important transition at lower elevations. The climate is alpine tundra, with no month averaging above 10 degrees Celsius, a pronounced dry season, and regular snowfall on the highest peaks. Long isolation has produced high local endemism, especially on the more remote summits, while the endangered spectacled bear and mountain tapir range through its lower portions; the World Wildlife Fund rates the ecoregion as relatively stable and intact, with protected areas including Sierra Nevada and Sierra La Culata National Parks. For gardeners, it is the native home of cold-hardy high-mountain genera such as Espeletia and the Andean rose-relative Polylepis.
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Zones 10b-13b
+3.9°F by 2070
1,084 sq mi
NNH tier 4
RESOLVE 592 - Neotropic
High Monte
The High Monte is a montane shrubland ecoregion confined to Argentina, running along the eastern slopes of the Andes from the vicinity of Salta south to Mendoza, set between the Sierras Pampeanas and the main Andean ridge and bounded by the arid Puna to the north and the Chaco and Espinal woodlands to the east. Its characteristic cover is evergreen scrubland dominated by Larrea shrubs (the jarillas, or creosote bushes), with open algarrobo woodland of Prosopis alba and Prosopis nigra where groundwater is reachable, alongside genera such as Bulnesia and Bougainvillea and an abundance of cacti and bromeliads in the north. The climate is temperate and arid to semi-arid, with sparse rainfall that falls mainly in the austral summer when the South American monsoon pushes moist air across the region. Sitting in the Andean rain shadow, it shelters notable endemics and a flagship southern mountain cavy, and its burrowing parrots act as important dispersers of algarrobo seeds. For gardeners in dry, hot-summer climates, the ecoregion is the native home of drought-hardy ornamental and shade genera including Prosopis, Larrea, and Bougainvillea.
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Zones 7b-11a
+4.2°F by 2070
45,083 sq mi
NNH tier 3
Sources & citations
Cite this page
Para planos de aula, artigos ou notas de plantio regionais que usem esta página do Plotwright. Para citar a estrutura de ecorregiões subjacente ou um perfil editorial específico, use os cartões de fontes abaixo.
Plotwright. (n.d.). Santa Marta páramo (Santa Marta páramo). Retrieved 2026, June 15, from https://plotwright.garden/regions/resolve-594
Fontes para esta região
Esta página cita primeiro o Plotwright pela visão compilada e depois lista as páginas de fontes da estrutura, do clima e editoriais a montante para que os leitores possam citar o material original diretamente.
RESOLVE 2017 Terrestrial Ecoregions (Dinerstein et al.)
Estrutura principal de ecorregiões
Backs 4 fields
ID do RESOLVE
Bioma + reino
Área
Nível NNH