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Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests

Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests

Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests
The Eastern Great Lakes lowland forest belt — the Lake Ontario / upper St. Lawrence / Lake Erie basin from southern Ontario and Quebec south into New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and eastern Michigan. Sugar maple, beech, hemlock, and northern hardwoods dominate; lake-effect snow and humid summers buffer extremes near the shorelines. Garden-relevant for the long migratory bird and pollinator corridor along the lake margins.
RESOLVE 334
Nearctic
50,065 sq mi
Humid continental (Köppen Dfa/Dfb)
Temperate Broadleaf & Mixed Forests
States / provinces
Ontario, Quebec, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan
Landscape type
Temperate Broadleaf & Mixed Forests
Plant region
Nearctic
Region footprint
50,065 sq mi
Elevation range
240 – 2,000 ft
Climate type
Humid continental (Köppen Dfa/Dfb)
Habitat pressure
Nature Imperiled (Dinerstein NNH 4)
Use this as the broad planting pattern for the region: Four-season forests of deciduous hardwoods — oak, maple, beech — often mixed with conifers, shaped by warm summers and cold winters. Trees leaf out in spring and color in autumn; the generally fertile soils have made these forests heavily settled and farmed. For garden decisions, pair that context with the plant list below, then narrow by your site's light, water, soil, and mature-size constraints.

Range & origins

Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests location on world map
Marker placed inside the RESOLVE 2017 polygon at 44.5°N, 76.4°W.
Region through time
Modern footprint
RESOLVE 2017 maps 50,065 sq mi
This boundary is a modern ecological footprint for Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests, not a permanent line on the planet. It is useful for today's plant and wildlife context because it follows recurring vegetation, climate, landform, and disturbance patterns.
Why here
Humid continental (Köppen Dfa/Dfb) conditions
The region sits in the Nearctic realm and is classed as temperate broadleaf & mixed forests. Elevation, moisture, fire, soils, coasts, and human land use can all make the real landscape more varied than a single map color suggests.
Change pressure
Nature Imperiled
Winter low temperatures are projected to rise faster here than in any other US-bordering ecoregion — a roughly full USDA zone shift by mid-century under SSP3-7.0 in the continental interior, less near the lake-moderated shorelines.

Planting collections

Finished planting recipes where every member can handle this region's climate range. The fit badge uses the collection's most sensitive plant, so a resilient collection is a safer starting point than any single standout.
Climate-resilient · 2 plantes
Bright shade foundation
A part-shade planting with shrub structure and low foliage contrast.
Annabelle hydrangea
Coral bells
+4
Climate-resilient · 8 plantes
Climate-resilient natives for warming zones (eastern NA)
A pollinator-supporting palette of eastern North American natives with broad hardiness ranges and wide native distributions. Built for gardeners who want a planting that can handle warming zones without giving up wildlife value.
Switchgrass
Little bluestem
Common milkweed
Black-eyed Susan
Wild bergamot
Sweet Joe-Pye weed
Cutleaf coneflower
New England aster
+2
Climate-resilient · 6 plantes
Mediterranean drought-tolerant edible
A low-water edible palette of culinary herbs + a hardy grape for hot dry sunny sites. Mediterranean-origin plants thrive on neglect; their primary failure mode is overwatering, not underwatering.
English lavender
Rosemary
Garden sage
Oregano
Common thyme
Fox grape
+5
Climate-resilient · 9 plantes
Native pollinator border (eastern US)
A continuous-bloom native pollinator strip for eastern North America. Covers spring through frost with host + nectar plants spanning monarchs, native bees, hummingbirds, and specialist Lepidoptera. Little bluestem provides the matrix grass + Hesperiidae host.
Butterfly weed
Common milkweed
Purple coneflower
Wild bergamot
Scarlet bee balm
Little bluestem
Sweet Joe-Pye weed
Swamp sunflower
Smooth blue aster
Climate-resilient · 4 plantes
Sunny pollinator border
A durable sunny border with summer bloom, seedheads, and upright winter texture.
English lavender
Purple coneflower
Black-eyed Susan
Switchgrass

Similar planting regions

Browse other regions with a similar hot, dry-summer rhythm. Their plant lists can suggest species and combinations worth comparing.
RESOLVE 328 - Nearctic
Allegheny Highlands forests
The Allegheny Highlands forests stretch across the Allegheny Plateau of Pennsylvania and New York, a hilly landscape of deeply cut river valleys, waterfalls, and—in the glaciated New York portion—the Finger Lakes. Under a cold temperate climate, pre-settlement forests were dominated by hemlock-white pine-northern hardwoods, with eastern hemlock and beech most abundant alongside sugar maple, red maple, birch, white ash, and black cherry. Eastern hemlock, the ecoregion's flagship species, is now declining across much of the region due to the introduced hemlock woolly adelgid, while over-abundant white-tailed deer suppress forest regeneration.
Temperate Broadleaf & Mixed Forests
Zones 8b-9a
+7.2°F by 2070
28,229 sq mi
NNH tier 2
RESOLVE 329 - Nearctic
Appalachian mixed mesophytic forests
The Mixed Mesophytic — the most species-diverse temperate hardwood forest in North America — covers the Cumberland Plateau and adjacent unglaciated dissected uplands of West Virginia, eastern Kentucky, southern Ohio, southwestern Virginia, and eastern Tennessee. Sugar maple, American beech, tulip poplar, yellow buckeye, basswood, and white ash share cove-forest canopies with more than two dozen co-dominant species — a richness inherited from being ice-sheet-free during the Pleistocene.
Temperate Broadleaf & Mixed Forests
Zones 9a-11a
+5.6°F by 2070
70,054 sq mi
Editorial profile
NNH tier 2
RESOLVE 331 - Nearctic
Appalachian-Blue Ridge forests
The Blue Ridge province — the eastern spine of the southern Appalachians from southern Pennsylvania through northern Georgia. Cove hardwoods on protected slopes, oak-hickory mid-slope, northern hardwoods + spruce-fir on the highest peaks (Mt. Mitchell to 6,684 ft). Long the eastern US's wettest non-coastal region; many endemic plants tied to perched coves.
Temperate Broadleaf & Mixed Forests
Zones 9a-12b
+5.4°F by 2070
63,065 sq mi
Editorial profile
NNH tier 2
RESOLVE 332 - Nearctic
East Central Texas forests
The East Central Texas forests form a long, narrow temperate broadleaf and mixed forest ecoregion of roughly 52,600 km², lying almost entirely within Texas with a small extension into southeastern Oklahoma, between the eastern Piney Woods and the western prairies. Its signature landscape is the Post Oak Savanna over gently rolling terrain, dominated by post oak and blackjack oak alongside eastern redcedar and black hickory, with the Bastrop Lost Pines holding the westernmost stands of southern pine in the U.S. The climate is humid subtropical to warm temperate, with hot summers, mild winters, and annual rainfall of about 740–1,120 mm. Heavily converted to ranching and farmland, the ecoregion is considered critically fragmented: only about 1% is protected, and it shelters the endangered Houston toad and Attwater's prairie chicken.
Temperate Broadleaf & Mixed Forests
Zones 10b-12b
+4.0°F by 2070
21,550 sq mi
NNH tier 4
RESOLVE 333 - Nearctic
Eastern Canadian Forest-Boreal transition
The Eastern Canadian Forest-Boreal transition is the broad east-west band between the northern hardwoods of New England-Acadian forests and the boreal black-spruce taiga to the north — covering much of southern Quebec, central New Brunswick, and the Ontario / Quebec near-boreal interior. Sugar maple, yellow birch, balsam fir, white spruce, and white birch are the canopy mix; the line between hardwood-dominant south and conifer-dominant north shifts visibly across the ecoregion. The region carries one of the highest projected mid-century warming signals in the temperate Western Hemisphere.
Temperate Broadleaf & Mixed Forests
Zones 6b-8b
+10.2°F by 2070
122,775 sq mi
Editorial profile
NNH tier 2
RESOLVE 335 - Nearctic
Gulf of St. Lawrence lowland forests
The Gulf of St. Lawrence lowland forests cover the maritime lowlands around the Gulf — Prince Edward Island, the Acadian and northern New Brunswick coast, Nova Scotia's low-elevation interior, the Magdalen Islands, the southern coast of the Gaspé, and adjacent Quebec lowlands. Mixed Acadian forest of balsam fir, red spruce, yellow birch, sugar maple, and white pine; maritime moderation softens the continental temperature extremes felt one ecoregion inland.
Temperate Broadleaf & Mixed Forests
Zones 7b-8b
+8.8°F by 2070
13,961 sq mi
Editorial profile
NNH tier 2

National refinement sub-regions

Within this RESOLVE ecoregion, national agencies recognise finer-grained sub-regions. Plotwright assigns each sub-region polygon to its containing RESOLVE polygon by centroid.
EPA Level III (US-only) - 1 sub-region
83 · Eastern Great Lakes Lowlands
Source: USGS / EPA via Omernik (1987).

Sources & citations

Cite this page
For lesson plans, articles, or regional planting notes that use this Plotwright page. To cite the underlying ecoregion framework or a specific editorial profile, use the source cards below.
Plotwright. (n.d.). Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests (Eastern Great Lakes lowland forests). Retrieved 2026, June 14, from https://plotwright.garden/regions/resolve-334
Sources for this region
This page cites Plotwright first for the compiled view, then lists the upstream framework, climate, and editorial source pages so readers can cite the original material directly.
RESOLVE 2017 Terrestrial Ecoregions (Dinerstein et al.)
Primary ecoregion framework
Backs 4 fields
RESOLVE id
Biome + realm
Area
NNH tier
Canada Plant Hardiness
Published hardiness-zone authority
Backs 1 field
NRCan zone range