Luzon tropical pine forests
Luzon tropical pine forests
The Luzon tropical pine forests cover the high country of Luzon, the largest island of the Philippines, concentrated in the Cordillera Central of the north (including peaks such as Mount Pulag and Mount Data) and extending to the Zambales Mountains of west-central Luzon. The signature tree is the Benguet pine (Pinus insularis, also called Khasi or Luzon pine), which stands thinly spaced above open, grass-covered slopes rather than forming closed canopy. The climate is strongly seasonal: rainfall is high, well over 2,500 mm a year, but falls mostly during the July-August monsoon and typhoon season, followed by a long dry season from roughly November to April when fires help keep the pine-grassland in balance. The ecoregion is rich in endemic life, with the elegant tit as its flagship bird and a notable array of endemic Cordillera mammals such as cloud rats and earthworm mice, yet it is classed as Critical/Endangered, pressured by logging, burning, agricultural clearing, and mining. For gardeners, its defining native conifer is a hardy tropical-montane pine adapted to cool uplands and a pronounced dry season.
RESOLVE 303
Indomalayan
2,732 sq mi
Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests
Landscape type
Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests
Plant region
Indomalayan
Region footprint
2,732 sq mi
Habitat pressure
Nature Could Reach Half Protected (Dinerstein NNH 2)
Source & care
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Use this as the broad planting pattern for the region: Subtropical and tropical forests dominated by conifers such as pines, typically in semi-arid climates with seasonal rainfall. They often occupy higher elevations and carry fire-adapted understories. For garden decisions, pair that context with the plant list below, then narrow by your site's light, water, soil, and mature-size constraints.
Range & origins
Marker placed inside the RESOLVE 2017 polygon at 17.0°N, 120.9°E.
Region through time
Modern footprint
RESOLVE 2017 maps 2,732 sq mi
This boundary is a modern ecological footprint for Luzon tropical pine forests, not a permanent line on the planet. It is useful for today's plant and wildlife context because it follows recurring vegetation, climate, landform, and disturbance patterns.
Why here
tropical & subtropical coniferous forests conditions
The region sits in the Indomalayan realm and is classed as tropical & subtropical coniferous forests. Elevation, moisture, fire, soils, coasts, and human land use can all make the real landscape more varied than a single map color suggests.
Change pressure
Nature Could Reach Half Protected
Plotwright shows this as the current RESOLVE footprint. Over decades to centuries, warming, disturbance, invasive species, land use, and restoration can move the living edge of a region even when the reference map stays fixed.
Similar planting regions
Browse other regions with a similar hot, dry-summer rhythm. Their plant lists can suggest species and combinations worth comparing.
RESOLVE 302 - Indomalayan
Himalayan subtropical pine forests
The Himalayan subtropical pine forests form a long, narrow band stretching for over 3,000 km along the lower elevations of the Himalaya, spanning Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan and crossing Indian states including Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and Sikkim. The forest is dominated by a single conifer, the Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), which forms open stands over a sparse understory of shrubs such as barberry, blackberry, and Himalayan raspberry. Its climate is shaped by the southwestern monsoon arriving off the Bay of Bengal roughly from May through September, with a pronounced gradient in which the eastern Himalaya are wetter and the west noticeably drier. Though less species-rich than tropical rainforest, the ecoregion is important habitat, home to wildlife such as the Himalayan goral, yet more than half of its natural habitat has been cleared or degraded by overgrazing, fuelwood and fodder collection, and shifting cultivation.
Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests
Zones 5b-11b
+4.8°F by 2070
29,439 sq mi
NNH tier 3
RESOLVE 304 - Indomalayan
Northeast India-Myanmar pine forests
The Northeast India-Myanmar pine forests are a montane subtropical coniferous ecoregion of the Naga Hills, spanning the border country between India's Nagaland and Mizoram states and adjacent Myanmar in three separate enclaves between roughly 1,500 and 2,500 meters in elevation. Tenasserim pine (Pinus latteri) dominates the lower slopes, giving way at higher elevations to Khasi pine and blue pine mixed with hemlock, fir, and broadleaf oaks, maples, and rhododendrons. The mountains intercept monsoon moisture pushing inland from the Bay of Bengal, so heavy, terrain-forced rainfall and complex topography shape where each forest type grows. The Khasi pine is the ecoregion's flagship species, and the forests support wildlife such as serow, sambar, Indian muntjac, and Asian black bear, though the region has little formal protection and ongoing shifting cultivation has cleared much habitat. For gardeners, the native flora is rich in familiar ornamentals, including Rhododendron, holly (Ilex), and tree-dwelling orchids of the genera Cymbidium, Dendrobium, and Vanda.
Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests
Zones 11a-12b
+4.5°F by 2070
3,747 sq mi
NNH tier 2
RESOLVE 305 - Indomalayan
Sumatran tropical pine forests
The Sumatran tropical pine forests form one of the few tropical conifer ecoregions in the world, occupying high slopes of the island of Sumatra in Indonesia along the Bukit Barisan Mountains, including the highlands near Lake Toba. The habitat is defined by forests dominated by the Sumatran pine (Pinus merkusii), which establishes on ground disturbed by landslides, recurrent fire, and human clearing, scattered as discrete patches embedded within the surrounding montane broadleaf forest. The climate is broadly tropical with roughly 2,500 mm of annual rainfall, though these pines occupy the drier eastern aspects of the range and a thick litter of pine needles keeps the understory sparse. The flora and fauna are less diverse than the neighboring rainforests, but the ecoregion is protected in part by reserves such as Kerinci Seblat, and Pinus merkusii is regarded as the flagship species while facing pressure from logging and increased fire. Among the understory plants noted here are shrubs in the honeysuckle genus Lonicera and the barberry genus Berberis, both familiar to gardeners as ornamentals.
Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests
Zones 12b-13b
+2.8°F by 2070
1,067 sq mi
NNH tier 2
RESOLVE 552 - Neotropic
Bahamian pineyards
The Bahamian pineyards are a tropical and subtropical coniferous forest ecoregion spanning the northern Bahamas, on Grand Bahama, Abaco, Andros, and New Providence, together with the Caicos Islands of the Turks and Caicos. The canopy is dominated by the Bahamian pine (Pinus caribaea var. bahamensis), a variety botanically distinct from other Caribbean pines and adapted to sandy, salty ground, growing over a broad-leaved shrub understory that includes poisonwood (Metopium toxiferum), thatch palms, and the endemic five-finger. These are fire-maintained, pyrogenic forests; pollen records indicate a largely anthropogenic origin, with the modern pineyards established by about 1200 CE following Lucayan land clearing. The ecoregion carries a Critical/Endangered status and shelters notable wildlife, including endemic birds such as the Bahama yellowthroat, Bahama woodstar, and Bahama oriole, rock iguanas (Cyclura) and boas (Epicrates), and the wintering Kirtland's warbler, while logging, invasive species, and intensifying hurricanes such as Dorian remain serious threats. For gardeners, the understory native pinepink orchid (Bletia purpurea) is among the ornamental plants found here.
Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests
Zones 13b
+3.1°F by 2070
2,659 sq mi
NNH tier 3
RESOLVE 325 - Nearctic
Bermuda subtropical conifer forests
This ecoregion covers Bermuda, a crescent-shaped archipelago of limestone islands of low elevation in the Atlantic roughly 1,000 km off the US East Coast, with a mild subtropical climate moderated by the Gulf Stream and no recorded frosts. Its uplands were historically dominated by dense stands of three endemic plants: Bermuda cedar (Juniperus bermudiana, a juniper), Bermuda palmetto, and Bermuda olivewood, with mangrove swamps along the coast. Despite low overall species richness, the isolated islands hold notably high endemism. In the 1940s introduced scale insects devastated the cedar forests, and only about 10% of the native cedar remains today; Bermuda is also the seabird home of the Bermuda petrel (cahow), famously rediscovered in 1951.
Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests
Zones 13a
+2.3°F by 2070
15 sq mi
NNH tier 4
RESOLVE 553 - Neotropic
Central American pine-oak forests
The Central American pine-oak forests stretch along the mountainous spine of northern Central America, from the Chiapas highlands and Sierra Madre de Chiapas in southern Mexico through the uplands of Guatemala, El Salvador, and Honduras into Nicaragua. As the name suggests, these montane woodlands are dominated by pines (Pinus species) and oaks (Quercus species), with pines tending to prevail at higher elevations and oaks lower down, alongside trees such as American sweetgum. They occupy a mid-elevation band roughly between 600 and 1,800 meters, giving way to cloud forest higher up and grading into tropical moist forest on the Caribbean slope and tropical dry forest on the Pacific slope. The region is an Endemic Bird Area and the celebrated home of the resplendent quetzal, though much of its forest is now considered critically threatened, with the stands in El Salvador almost entirely cleared. For gardeners, it is the native ground of American sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), a popular ornamental shade tree prized for its fall color.
Tropical & Subtropical Coniferous Forests
Zones 12a-13b
+3.4°F by 2070
42,987 sq mi
NNH tier 2
Sources & citations
Cite this page
For lesson plans, articles, or regional planting notes that use this Plotwright page. To cite the underlying ecoregion framework or a specific editorial profile, use the source cards below.
Plotwright. (n.d.). Luzon tropical pine forests (Luzon tropical pine forests). Retrieved 2026, June 14, from https://plotwright.garden/regions/resolve-303
Sources for this region
This page cites Plotwright first for the compiled view, then lists the upstream framework, climate, and editorial source pages so readers can cite the original material directly.
RESOLVE 2017 Terrestrial Ecoregions (Dinerstein et al.)
Primary ecoregion framework
Backs 4 fields
RESOLVE id
Biome + realm
Area
NNH tier