A virtually stemless, broadleaf-evergreen native of central and eastern North America: a basal rosette of rigid, sword-shaped, spine-tipped leaves up to 30 inches long, fringed along the margins with the curly white threads that give the species its name. In early summer a flowering stalk shoots from the center to 5-8 feet, carrying nodding, bell-shaped, creamy-white flowers. Tough enough for poor sandy soil, heat, drought, and salt spray, it earns its keep as architectural structure in dry and seaside gardens.

A tall, bold warm-season annual from Mexico and Guatemala (the "African" name is a misnomer of its European garden history) grown for large, fully double, pompon-like flowerheads in saturated yellow, gold, and orange over strongly aromatic, finely divided foliage. Plants reach 12-48 inches and bloom from early summer to frost in full sun. The petals are edible and used as a culinary garnish and natural dye, and the flowers are the iconic "flor de muerto" of Mexican Day of the Dead. Despite the wide listed zone range it is frost-tender and grown for a single warm season.

A native eastern + central North American thicket-forming shrub producing arching thorny canes + clusters of large sweet black berries in mid-to-late summer. Among the most important wildlife fruit producers in eastern forests — birds, mammals, + insects all depend on the fruit. Like raspberry, biennial-caned (primocane year 1, fruits in year 2 as floricane, then dies back). Spreads via root suckers + tip-rooting cane tips; manage with annual pruning.

A native Southeastern North American semi-evergreen woodland groundcover (Pachysandra procumbens), prized for its blue-green to bronze mottled leaves and fragrant white-to-pinkish bottlebrush flower spikes that open at ground level in late winter to early spring. Unlike the widely planted invasive Asian Pachysandra terminalis, this native spreads slowly by rhizomes into well-behaved clumping colonies, making it a low, restrained groundcover for shaded native plantings.

A dense, conical-to-narrow-pyramidal evergreen tree native to eastern and central North America, prized as a screening and foundation conifer. Flat, fan-like sprays of scale-like, aromatic yellow-green foliage clothe the tree from the ground up, and red-brown bark exfoliates on mature trunks. Wild trees can reach 40-60 feet but cultivated plants typically stay near 20-30 feet; small urn-shaped cones and dense evergreen cover make it valuable food and shelter for birds.

A medium-to-large native shade tree of central and eastern North America, reaching 50-80 feet with an ovate-rounded crown and large, asymmetric heart-shaped leaves. In June it carries pale-yellow, intensely fragrant flowers on pendulous cymes — each cluster hung from a distinctive strap-like leafy bract — that ripen into pea-sized nutlets. The fragrant June bloom is a premier nectar source: Missouri Botanical Garden lists it as attracting bees and butterflies, and the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center flags it as having special value to both native and honey bees.

Once the dominant canopy hardwood of the eastern United States forest — an estimated four billion trees, prized for fast growth, rot-resistant timber, and an enormous annual crop of sweet edible nuts that fed people, livestock, and wildlife alike. In the early 1900s an introduced Asian fungus, chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), swept through and functionally destroyed it: by the 1950s the species was effectively extinct as a mature forest tree. Surviving root systems still send up sprouts from old stumps, but the blight almost always girdles and kills them before they can grow large enough to flower and reproduce. The honest reality for a gardener is that you cannot reliably grow a mature wild-type American chestnut today. The realistic paths are blight-resistant backcross hybrids from The American Chestnut Foundation or transgenic blight-tolerant lines still being deployed — not a pure wild seedling, which the blight will almost certainly kill.

A fast, suckering native shrub of streambanks and moist thickets across eastern North America, grown for huge flat-topped cymes of tiny lemon-scented white flowers in early summer and the clusters of dark elderberry drupes that follow. Spreads by root suckers into naturalized colonies 5-12 feet tall and wide; the flowers feed butterflies and the showy fruit feeds birds. The raw berries are not eaten fresh — they are cooked into jelly, pie, and wine.

American germander, also called wood sage, is a widespread North American native perennial in the mint family that runs steadily underground on creeping rhizomes. From early to midsummer it sends up erect, softly hairy stems topped with one-sided spikes of pale pink-to-lavender flowers, each with the distinctive deeply lobed lower lip that gives the germanders their look and makes a generous landing platform for bees. It is a plant of moist open ground - wet meadows, streambanks, ditches, and the edges of thickets - across most of the contiguous United States into southern Canada, which tells you exactly what it wants: sun and a soil that does not dry out. The honest caveat is its vigor: those same rhizomes that fill a bank or a rain garden so readily will also colonize a tidy perennial border and crowd politer neighbors. Site it where it can run, or give it a root barrier, and it rewards you with a long, dependable bee-friendly bloom rather than a maintenance fight.

A rounded, multi-stemmed deciduous shrub native across eastern and central North America, grown for its edible nuts and its season-opening catkins. Showy 2-3 inch yellowish-brown male catkins dangle from bare branches in early spring before the ovate, double-toothed leaves emerge; small egg-shaped edible nuts ripen inside leafy husks by mid- to late summer. Easygoing in average soil and tolerant of clay and black walnut, it suckers into thickets that screen and shelter wildlife.

The only native U.S. holly with both spiny green leaves and bright red berries — an upright, pyramidal, broadleaf evergreen tree that slowly matures to 15-30 feet in cultivation (to 50 feet in the wild). Thick, leathery, deep green leaves bear spiny marginal teeth, and pollinated female trees carry showy red-to-orange drupes that ripen in fall and persist through winter as bird food. This is the classic "Christmas holly" of wreaths and decorations.

A small-to-medium understory tree of dry, rocky eastern-North-American woods, named for its drooping clusters of papery, sac-like seed pods that resemble the fruit of hops. The birch-like, sharply-serrated leaves turn an undistinguished yellow in fall, and reddish-brown male catkins persist on the bare branches through winter. Also called ironwood for its extremely hard, dense wood; tough, low-maintenance, and drought-tolerant once established.

A tough, medium-sized native tree of the eastern and midwestern United States, grown as much for its showy edible orange fruit as for its distinctive thick, dark gray bark broken into rectangular blocks. Small urn-shaped white-to-greenish-yellow flowers open in May and June, and the sweet fruit ripens after frost. Largely dioecious — a female tree needs a male pollinizer nearby to set fruit — and notably drought- and walnut-tolerant once established.

A small native deciduous tree (or thicket-forming, suckering shrub) of eastern and central North America, grown for clouds of fragrant white 5-petaled flowers that open in March before the leaves and for the edible red plums that follow in early summer. It forms a broad, spreading crown with attractive dark reddish-brown twigs that sometimes carry thorny lateral branchlets. A documented larval host for swallowtails and other butterflies, with flowers of special value to native, bumble, and honey bees.

A native bramble (cane) producing red aromatic edible fruit in summer or fall (depending on summer-bearing vs everbearing cultivar). Self-pollinating; spreads vigorously by root suckers + tip-rooting canes. NC State documents extensive Lepidoptera + small mammal + bird wildlife value alongside the edible fruit role. Site where the spreading habit is welcome — naturalized colonies form in sun-exposed open ground.

A native canopy tree of eastern North American forests with iconic star-shaped 5-lobed leaves displaying outstanding red-purple-orange fall color, distinctive corky wing-bark on twigs, and spiky round seed pods that famously litter lawns ("gumballs"). The seed pods are the design-defining drawback — Liquidambar is rarely planted in formal landscapes for this reason. Choose seedless cultivars ('Rotundiloba', 'Slender Silhouette') for residential planting.

A massive native deciduous canopy tree of eastern North American floodplain forests producing distinctive mottled white-tan-gray exfoliating bark (the design-defining trait — sycamore bark looks like military camouflage), large palmate maple-like leaves, and persistent spherical seed balls. Among the largest deciduous trees in eastern North America — old-growth specimens exceed 150 feet tall + 10 feet trunk diameter. Site only where massive scale is acceptable.

An upright, clump-forming perennial of the mint family native to the upper Midwest, Great Plains, and into central Canada, named for its anise-scented foliage. From June through September it carries dense terminal spikes of lavender-to-purple two-lipped flowers above square stems and opposite, toothed leaves. The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center flags it as a nectar source with special value to native bees, bumble bees, and honey bees, and it also draws butterflies and hummingbirds.

A native eastern-US deciduous shrub — 'Annabelle' is a sterile-flowered cultivar of smooth hydrangea — with very large white snowball blooms in summer. Blooms on new wood so spring frost cannot destroy the flower display, and serves as the larval host for the hydrangea sphinx moth.

The domesticated orchard apple — a deciduous Rosaceae tree grown for its showy, edible fruit and fragrant April blossom of five white-to-pink petals around a ring of yellow stamens. Not native to North America (the genus Malus spans Europe, Asia, and North America, but the cultivated apple is an Old World hybrid lineage). Almost all varieties are self-incompatible: a second, different apple cultivar blooming at the same time must be nearby for fruit to set, and trees are grown on dwarf, semi-dwarf, or standard rootstocks that decide final size.

A small deciduous Rosaceae fruit tree grown for its golden-orange, red-blushed drupes — fragrant, showy, edible, and ripening in summer. Fragrant white flowers (pink in bud) open in early spring before the foliage, two weeks ahead of peaches. That early bloom is also its weakness: the flowers are extremely susceptible to frost injury, so apricots are notoriously hard to crop reliably outside sheltered sites.

A native central + eastern US perennial with intensely aromatic foliage when crushed and dense clouds of small blue-purple flowers in late fall — often the latest-blooming aster in the eastern flora. Drought + clay tolerant; among the toughest native fall pollinator plants.

A native eastern + central North American multi-stemmed deciduous shrub with dentate (toothed) foliage, white spring flower clusters, blue-black drupes, and reliable fall color. Especially valued for wildlife — among the most-cited native shrubs for fall-migration bird forage.

A fast cool-season annual of the mustard family grown for its peppery, mustard-like salad greens — irregular, pinnately-lobed basal leaves in a low rosette, each with 4 to 10 small lateral lobes and a large terminal lobe (Missouri Botanical Garden). First cultivated by the ancient Greeks and Romans and still widely grown across Europe, it is best grown in the cooler spring and fall months rather than summer heat; leaves are harvested young and tender before they turn strong and bitter. Pale-yellow four-petalled flowers with dark brown or purple veins appear in corymbs if plants are left to bloom.

The Mediterranean evergreen whose leathery, glossy dark-green leaves are the bay leaf of the kitchen. Missouri Botanical Garden PlantFinder describes it as a pyramidal, aromatic evergreen tree or large shrub that can reach 60 feet but is usually seen at 10-30 feet and is often pruned to 8 feet or less for garden use. Trees are dioecious: small yellowish-green spring flowers on female plants, if pollinated, give way to single-seeded purple-black berries. Winter hardy only to USDA Zone 8, so it is grown as a clipped container houseplant farther north.

The hardiest and largest of the California lilacs — a fast-growing broadleaf-evergreen shrub of the Pacific coast that smothers itself in dense thyrse clusters of pale-to-deep blue flowers in spring. Glossy three-veined, finely toothed dark-green leaves and a billowing shrub habit make it a signature blue mass on West Coast slopes. Drought tolerant once established, it asks for little summer water and resents overwatering; deer and elk browse the foliage and the bloom is a documented draw for native bees.

A drought-hardy western-native subshrub (long known as Zauschneria) that lights up dry, rocky ground with scarlet tubular flowers from midsummer until frost — exactly when migrating and resident hummingbirds need a late-season nectar source. Slender, highly-branched stems carry small grey-green lance-shaped leaves; the whole plant thrives on full sun, lean soil, and very little water once established.

A bold, clumping rhizomatous perennial grown for its elegant, pure-white funnel-shaped flowers — actually a curved spathe wrapped around a yellow finger-like spadix — held on tall stems above large, glossy, arrow-shaped deep-green leaves from late winter into summer. Native to the wetlands and seeps of southern Africa, Zantedeschia aethiopica is the classic florist's calla and a striking water-margin and container plant, thriving in consistently moist to wet rich soil in full sun to part shade. It is tender (hardy in zones 8a-10b), where it overwinters in the ground and can be near-evergreen; colder gardeners grow it from lifted rhizomes or under heavy mulch. Two cautions are load-bearing: every part is toxic if eaten (calcium-oxalate raphides), and in mild, wet climates it can escape and naturalize into an invasive weed.

The signature evergreen oak of the California coast and foothills — a broad-canopied tree with dense, dark, holly-like leaves whose spiny-toothed margins curl under, and a short, often massive trunk. The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center documents it growing 20-50 feet high and wide, with old specimens reaching 100 feet and living for centuries. A keystone wildlife tree: its acorns and dense canopy feed and shelter Oak Titmouse, scrub and Steller's jays, chestnut-backed chickadee, and roughly 30 other bird species, and it is a larval host for three duskywing and sister butterflies.

An evergreen California chaparral shrub famous for its smooth, sinuous, red-orange bark and crooked branches — "manzanita" means "little apple" for the small reddish berries. Bright green, broadly ovate leaves stand year-round above the polished trunks, and nodding white-to-pink urn-shaped flowers open from February into April. A dry-slope native of the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada foothills that asks for almost no summer water once established.

The classic Mediterranean evergreen — one of the first trees ever cultivated (Crete, ~2500 B.C.) and the source of eating olives and olive oil. It grows 20-30 feet with a rounded crown, smooth gray bark that gnarls picturesquely with age, and opposite lance-shaped leaves that are gray-green above and silver beneath. Fragrant white summer flowers give way to oval green drupes that ripen to black. Drought tolerant once established, but winter-hardy only to USDA Zone 8.

A broadleaf-evergreen shrub from China, Taiwan, and Japan grown for intensely fragrant, waxy white-to-ivory double flowers set against glossy dark-green leaves. Missouri Botanical Garden PlantFinder rates it high-maintenance: it demands a well-drained, humus-rich, acidic soil and light-to-moderate shade, and resents alkaline or hard-water conditions that turn its leaves yellow. The night-intensified scent draws sphinx moths and daytime bees to a classic warm-climate hedge or near-entry container plant.

A bold, tropical-looking rhizomatous perennial grown for its big, paddle-shaped banana-like leaves and slim spikes of red, orange, or yellow flowers from summer to frost. Native to Central America, South America, and the West Indies, Canna indica is the wild ancestor behind many garden canna hybrids — narrower-flowered and more upright than the showy modern cultivars, with hard, round black seeds once used as shot, which give it its common name. It thrives in heat, humidity, and consistently moist to wet rich soil in full sun, where it forms erect clumps that read as instant tropical structure. In its hardiness range (zones 8a-11b) it overwinters in the ground; colder gardeners lift and store the rhizomes.

A vigorous, fast-growing woody vine from China grown commercially worldwide for its fuzzy brown, edible fruits. It climbs 15-30 feet and can fill a 200 sq. ft. trellis in time, carrying large rounded leaves and slightly fragrant cream flowers that open on year-old wood in late spring. It is dioecious: a male pollinizer must be grown alongside female plants for fruit to set.

Korean velvet grass (Zoysia tenuifolia) is an extremely fine-textured, warm-season turfgrass native to East Asia, prized as a low, almost mossy 'no-mow' lawn alternative and groundcover. Left unmown it knits into a dense, undulating carpet of tiny needle-fine blades that mounds and ripples like green velvet — the look that earns its other names, 'temple grass' and 'Mascarene grass.' It is slow to establish but, once knit in, dense and surprisingly traffic-tolerant. Two honest caveats keep it from being a carefree choice: it spreads aggressively by surface stolons (runners) and will creep into beds and over a neighbor's edge unless contained by hard edging, and like all zoysias it is a warm-season grass that turns straw-brown and goes dormant through cool weather — it is NOT evergreen in winter. Its taxonomy is also muddled: many authorities treat Zoysia tenuifolia as a synonym of Zoysia matrella or Zoysia pacifica, so it travels under several names in the trade.

A tough, broadleaf-evergreen Mediterranean shrub grown across the warm-climate United States for its long summer-to-fall season of showy pink, white, red, or salmon flowers and its near-indestructible tolerance of heat, drought, salt, and reflected pavement glare. It forms a clumping, erect, rounded multi-stemmed shrub that commonly stands 6-12 feet tall (and can be trained much taller) with narrow leathery deep-green leaves. The catch is severe: every part of the plant is highly toxic — ingestion of even small amounts can be fatal to people, pets, and livestock, and the smoke from burning prunings is hazardous — so it is a strictly look-but-never-touch ornamental.

A multi-stemmed deciduous shrub or small tree cultivated for millennia for its orange-sized, leathery-skinned edible fruit packed with juicy seed arils. Glossy oblong leaves back showy orange-red summer flowers that ripen into the crowned, persistent-calyx fruit. Drought-tolerant and at its best in long, hot, dry summers with cool winters; grown for hedges, specimens, and Mediterranean-style gardens where winter-hardy.

A Mediterranean-native evergreen aromatic woody subshrub long known as Rosmarinus officinalis (reclassified to Salvia rosmarinus in 2017 based on molecular phylogenetics). Highly drought-tolerant once established; pale-blue spring flowers; foliage harvested year-round in mild climates as the canonical Mediterranean culinary herb. Borderline-hardy in zones below 7 — overwintered indoors or treated as annual outside zones 8-10.

A small, dense, rounded evergreen citrus tree or shrub (8-15 feet) grown for its tiny oval-to-round orange fruits that are eaten whole, skin and all — the sweet, fragrant rind plays against the tart inner flesh, which is the whole point of the fruit. Among the cold-hardiest of the citrus relatives, it shrugs off brief cold better than most citrus (roughly to USDA zone 8b), yet it is still frost-tender and is widely grown in containers and greenhouses wherever winters turn cold. Native to southern China, not North America. Note the accepted botanical name is now Citrus japonica; Fortunella japonica is the widely-used synonym.

An iconic evergreen oak of the southeastern coastal plain — sprawling massive trees draped with Spanish moss define the Southern landscape. Long-lived (300-500+ years in undisturbed sites) with horizontal limbs extending 80+ feet from the trunk in mature specimens. Salt-tolerant + hurricane-resistant (the canonical coastal-plain canopy tree). Like all oaks, supports hundreds of Lepidoptera species.

Tasmanian blue gum is a towering, very fast-growing evergreen tree from southeastern Australia (Tasmania and coastal Victoria) — one of the most widely planted eucalypts in the world, and one of the most widely regretted outside its native range. It reaches 90-150 feet or more, with a tall straight trunk, peeling ribbons of bark, and aromatic blue-green to gray-green foliage that carries the classic 'eucalyptus' scent. Honesty first, because it is load-bearing here: in California and other Mediterranean-climate regions this is an INVASIVE tree. It self-seeds aggressively, displaces native vegetation, and is allelopathic — its leaf litter and oils suppress the plants beneath it. Worse, it is a serious FIRE HAZARD: the oil-rich leaves, the long shedding bark ribbons, and the deep litter of dropped leaves and bark burn explosively, which is why these trees are nicknamed 'gasoline trees' and have fueled some of the most dangerous wildland fires. We strongly discourage planting Eucalyptus globulus near homes or in fire-prone, wildland-adjacent areas; plant a regionally-appropriate, fire-smart native tree instead. The aromatic foliage is the source of commercial eucalyptus oil, but that oil is TOXIC if ingested in any quantity and the foliage is not food — this is not an edible plant. It is also simply enormous and fast: not a tree for a small property.

A tropical rhizomatous herbaceous perennial in the ginger family, grown the world over for the thick branched rhizomes that — boiled, dried, and ground — become the bright yellow-orange spice. The foliage clump rises 3-4 feet in canna-like, pleated, lanceolate-to-elliptic green leaves up to 40 inches long, topped in summer by short dense spikes of pale yellow flowers among pinkish bracts. The flowers are sterile, so the plant is propagated entirely from rhizome division.