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Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests

Region photo - Gv3101992 / Wikimedia Commons - CC BY-SA 4.0; attribution required.

Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests

The Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests form a narrow tree-line belt across the middle and upper western Himalaya, running west from the Kali Gandaki (Gandaki) River in central Nepal through the Indian states of Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir into northern Pakistan, at roughly 3,000 to 3,500 meters between lower montane forest and the treeless alpine meadows above. The canopy is dominated by Himalayan conifers including fir (Abies spectabilis and Abies pindrow), blue pine and chilgoza pine (Pinus wallichiana and Pinus gerardiana), spruce (Picea smithiana), and deodar cedar (Cedrus deodara), often mixed with Himalayan birch (Betula utilis), oak (Quercus semecarpifolia), and rhododendron. Lying in the rain shadow of the western ranges, it is markedly drier than its eastern Himalayan counterpart, which draws more moisture from the Bay of Bengal monsoon. The ecoregion supports a rich montane bird community of several hundred species, with nine endemics and signature pheasants such as the western tragopan, Koklass pheasant, and Himalayan monal, and serves as the transition zone between forest animals like the musk deer and high-alpine species like the snow leopard, though a large majority of its conifer forest has been cleared or degraded for timber, fuelwood, and terrace cultivation. For temperate gardeners, this is the native home of widely planted ornamental conifers including deodar cedar, blue pine, and Himalayan birch.

RESOLVE 310

Indomalayan

15,329 sq mi

Temperate Conifer Forests

Landscape type

Temperate Conifer Forests

Plant region

Indomalayan

Region footprint

15,329 sq mi

Habitat pressure

Nature Imperiled (Dinerstein NNH 4)

Source & care

Range & origins

Marker placed inside the RESOLVE 2017 polygon at 29.2°N, 82.0°E.

Region through time

Modern footprint

RESOLVE 2017 maps 15,329 sq mi

This boundary is a modern ecological footprint for Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests, not a permanent line on the planet. It is useful for today's plant and wildlife context because it follows recurring vegetation, climate, landform, and disturbance patterns.

Why here

temperate conifer forests conditions

The region sits in the Indomalayan realm and is classed as temperate conifer forests. Elevation, moisture, fire, soils, coasts, and human land use can all make the real landscape more varied than a single map color suggests.

Change pressure

Nature Imperiled

Plotwright shows this as the current RESOLVE footprint. Over decades to centuries, warming, disturbance, invasive species, land use, and restoration can move the living edge of a region even when the reference map stays fixed.

Plants that can handle this region

A climate-fit shortlist from Plotwright's catalog. Start with the reliable fits, then use each plant page to check light, water, soil, mature size, and local availability.

Showing 369 of 369 climate-fit plants for this region.

Reliable climate fits

Good bets for now and later

369 plants

These plants fit the region today and stay within range under the mid-century projection. Start here when you want choices with the least climate regret.

Yucca filamentosa

Adam's needle

A virtually stemless, broadleaf-evergreen native of central and eastern North America: a basal rosette of rigid, sword-shaped, spine-tipped leaves up to 30 inches long, fringed along the margins with the curly white threads that give the species its name. In early summer a flowering stalk shoots from the center to 5-8 feet, carrying nodding, bell-shaped, creamy-white flowers. Tough enough for poor sandy soil, heat, drought, and salt spray, it earns its keep as architectural structure in dry and seaside gardens.

Shrub

Full sun / Part shade

Low water

Zones 5a-10b

Climate: broad

Structure

Focal point

Border

Tagetes erecta

African marigold

A tall, bold warm-season annual from Mexico and Guatemala (the "African" name is a misnomer of its European garden history) grown for large, fully double, pompon-like flowerheads in saturated yellow, gold, and orange over strongly aromatic, finely divided foliage. Plants reach 12-48 inches and bloom from early summer to frost in full sun. The petals are edible and used as a culinary garnish and natural dye, and the flowers are the iconic "flor de muerto" of Mexican Day of the Dead. Despite the wide listed zone range it is frost-tender and grown for a single warm season.

Annual

Full sun / Part shade

Low water

Zones 2a-11b

Climate: moderate

Border

Focal point

Container

Pollinator

Rubus allegheniensis

Allegheny blackberry

A native eastern + central North American thicket-forming shrub producing arching thorny canes + clusters of large sweet black berries in mid-to-late summer. Among the most important wildlife fruit producers in eastern forests — birds, mammals, + insects all depend on the fruit. Like raspberry, biennial-caned (primocane year 1, fruits in year 2 as floricane, then dies back). Spreads via root suckers + tip-rooting cane tips; manage with annual pruning.

Shrub

Full sun / Part sun

Moderate water

Zones 3a-8b

Climate: broad

Edible

Pollinator

Structure

Pachysandra procumbens

Allegheny spurge

A native Southeastern North American semi-evergreen woodland groundcover (Pachysandra procumbens), prized for its blue-green to bronze mottled leaves and fragrant white-to-pinkish bottlebrush flower spikes that open at ground level in late winter to early spring. Unlike the widely planted invasive Asian Pachysandra terminalis, this native spreads slowly by rhizomes into well-behaved clumping colonies, making it a low, restrained groundcover for shaded native plantings.

Perennial

Part shade

Consistent moisture

Zones 5a-9b

Climate: moderate

Border

Filler

Thuja occidentalis

American arborvitae

A dense, conical-to-narrow-pyramidal evergreen tree native to eastern and central North America, prized as a screening and foundation conifer. Flat, fan-like sprays of scale-like, aromatic yellow-green foliage clothe the tree from the ground up, and red-brown bark exfoliates on mature trunks. Wild trees can reach 40-60 feet but cultivated plants typically stay near 20-30 feet; small urn-shaped cones and dense evergreen cover make it valuable food and shelter for birds.

Tree

Full sun / Part sun / Part shade

Consistent moisture

Zones 2a-7b

Climate: broad

Structure

Focal point

Border

Tilia americana

American basswood

A medium-to-large native shade tree of central and eastern North America, reaching 50-80 feet with an ovate-rounded crown and large, asymmetric heart-shaped leaves. In June it carries pale-yellow, intensely fragrant flowers on pendulous cymes — each cluster hung from a distinctive strap-like leafy bract — that ripen into pea-sized nutlets. The fragrant June bloom is a premier nectar source: Missouri Botanical Garden lists it as attracting bees and butterflies, and the Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center flags it as having special value to both native and honey bees.

Tree

Full sun / Part sun / Part shade

Moderate water

Zones 2a-8b

Climate: broad

Structure

Focal point

Pollinator

Castanea dentata

American chestnut

Once the dominant canopy hardwood of the eastern United States forest — an estimated four billion trees, prized for fast growth, rot-resistant timber, and an enormous annual crop of sweet edible nuts that fed people, livestock, and wildlife alike. In the early 1900s an introduced Asian fungus, chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), swept through and functionally destroyed it: by the 1950s the species was effectively extinct as a mature forest tree. Surviving root systems still send up sprouts from old stumps, but the blight almost always girdles and kills them before they can grow large enough to flower and reproduce. The honest reality for a gardener is that you cannot reliably grow a mature wild-type American chestnut today. The realistic paths are blight-resistant backcross hybrids from The American Chestnut Foundation or transgenic blight-tolerant lines still being deployed — not a pure wild seedling, which the blight will almost certainly kill.

Tree

Full sun / Part shade

Moderate water

Zones 5a-8b

Climate: narrow

Structure

Focal point

Edible

Sambucus canadensis

American elderberry

A fast, suckering native shrub of streambanks and moist thickets across eastern North America, grown for huge flat-topped cymes of tiny lemon-scented white flowers in early summer and the clusters of dark elderberry drupes that follow. Spreads by root suckers into naturalized colonies 5-12 feet tall and wide; the flowers feed butterflies and the showy fruit feeds birds. The raw berries are not eaten fresh — they are cooked into jelly, pie, and wine.

Shrub

Full sun / Part sun / Part shade

Consistent moisture

Zones 3-9

Climate: broad

Structure

Edible

Pollinator

Focal point

Teucrium canadense

American germander

American germander, also called wood sage, is a widespread North American native perennial in the mint family that runs steadily underground on creeping rhizomes. From early to midsummer it sends up erect, softly hairy stems topped with one-sided spikes of pale pink-to-lavender flowers, each with the distinctive deeply lobed lower lip that gives the germanders their look and makes a generous landing platform for bees. It is a plant of moist open ground - wet meadows, streambanks, ditches, and the edges of thickets - across most of the contiguous United States into southern Canada, which tells you exactly what it wants: sun and a soil that does not dry out. The honest caveat is its vigor: those same rhizomes that fill a bank or a rain garden so readily will also colonize a tidy perennial border and crowd politer neighbors. Site it where it can run, or give it a root barrier, and it rewards you with a long, dependable bee-friendly bloom rather than a maintenance fight.

Perennial

Full sun / Part shade

Consistent moisture

Zones 4a-9b

Climate: moderate

Pollinator

Filler

Corylus americana

American hazelnut

A rounded, multi-stemmed deciduous shrub native across eastern and central North America, grown for its edible nuts and its season-opening catkins. Showy 2-3 inch yellowish-brown male catkins dangle from bare branches in early spring before the ovate, double-toothed leaves emerge; small egg-shaped edible nuts ripen inside leafy husks by mid- to late summer. Easygoing in average soil and tolerant of clay and black walnut, it suckers into thickets that screen and shelter wildlife.

Shrub

Full sun / Part sun / Part shade

Moderate water

Zones 4a-9b

Climate: broad

Structure

Edible

Pollinator

Ilex opaca

American holly

The only native U.S. holly with both spiny green leaves and bright red berries — an upright, pyramidal, broadleaf evergreen tree that slowly matures to 15-30 feet in cultivation (to 50 feet in the wild). Thick, leathery, deep green leaves bear spiny marginal teeth, and pollinated female trees carry showy red-to-orange drupes that ripen in fall and persist through winter as bird food. This is the classic "Christmas holly" of wreaths and decorations.

Tree

Full sun / Part sun / Part shade

Consistent moisture

Zones 5a-9b

Climate: broad

Focal point

Structure

Pollinator

Ostrya virginiana

American hophornbeam

A small-to-medium understory tree of dry, rocky eastern-North-American woods, named for its drooping clusters of papery, sac-like seed pods that resemble the fruit of hops. The birch-like, sharply-serrated leaves turn an undistinguished yellow in fall, and reddish-brown male catkins persist on the bare branches through winter. Also called ironwood for its extremely hard, dense wood; tough, low-maintenance, and drought-tolerant once established.

Tree

Full sun / Part shade

Moderate water

Zones 3a-9b

Climate: broad

Structure

Focal point

Diospyros virginiana

American persimmon

A tough, medium-sized native tree of the eastern and midwestern United States, grown as much for its showy edible orange fruit as for its distinctive thick, dark gray bark broken into rectangular blocks. Small urn-shaped white-to-greenish-yellow flowers open in May and June, and the sweet fruit ripens after frost. Largely dioecious — a female tree needs a male pollinizer nearby to set fruit — and notably drought- and walnut-tolerant once established.

Tree

Full sun / Part sun / Part shade

Moderate water

Zones 4a-9b

Climate: broad

Focal point

Structure

Edible

Pollinator

Prunus americana

American plum

A small native deciduous tree (or thicket-forming, suckering shrub) of eastern and central North America, grown for clouds of fragrant white 5-petaled flowers that open in March before the leaves and for the edible red plums that follow in early summer. It forms a broad, spreading crown with attractive dark reddish-brown twigs that sometimes carry thorny lateral branchlets. A documented larval host for swallowtails and other butterflies, with flowers of special value to native, bumble, and honey bees.

Tree

Full sun / Part shade

Low water

Zones 3a-8b

Climate: broad

Focal point

Structure

Pollinator

Rubus idaeus

American red raspberry

A native bramble (cane) producing red aromatic edible fruit in summer or fall (depending on summer-bearing vs everbearing cultivar). Self-pollinating; spreads vigorously by root suckers + tip-rooting canes. NC State documents extensive Lepidoptera + small mammal + bird wildlife value alongside the edible fruit role. Site where the spreading habit is welcome — naturalized colonies form in sun-exposed open ground.

Shrub

Full sun

Moderate water

Zones 4a-8b

Climate: broad

Edible

Liquidambar styraciflua

American sweetgum

A native canopy tree of eastern North American forests with iconic star-shaped 5-lobed leaves displaying outstanding red-purple-orange fall color, distinctive corky wing-bark on twigs, and spiky round seed pods that famously litter lawns ("gumballs"). The seed pods are the design-defining drawback — Liquidambar is rarely planted in formal landscapes for this reason. Choose seedless cultivars ('Rotundiloba', 'Slender Silhouette') for residential planting.

Tree

Full sun

Moderate water

Zones 5a-9b

Climate: broad

Focal point

Structure

Platanus occidentalis

American sycamore

A massive native deciduous canopy tree of eastern North American floodplain forests producing distinctive mottled white-tan-gray exfoliating bark (the design-defining trait — sycamore bark looks like military camouflage), large palmate maple-like leaves, and persistent spherical seed balls. Among the largest deciduous trees in eastern North America — old-growth specimens exceed 150 feet tall + 10 feet trunk diameter. Site only where massive scale is acceptable.

Tree

Full sun / Part shade

Consistent moisture

Zones 4a-9b

Climate: broad

Focal point

Structure

Agastache foeniculum

Anise hyssop

An upright, clump-forming perennial of the mint family native to the upper Midwest, Great Plains, and into central Canada, named for its anise-scented foliage. From June through September it carries dense terminal spikes of lavender-to-purple two-lipped flowers above square stems and opposite, toothed leaves. The Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center flags it as a nectar source with special value to native bees, bumble bees, and honey bees, and it also draws butterflies and hummingbirds.

Perennial

Full sun / Part shade

Moderate water

Zones 4a-8b

Climate: moderate

Pollinator

Border

Edible

Hydrangea arborescens

Annabelle hydrangea

A native eastern-US deciduous shrub — 'Annabelle' is a sterile-flowered cultivar of smooth hydrangea — with very large white snowball blooms in summer. Blooms on new wood so spring frost cannot destroy the flower display, and serves as the larval host for the hydrangea sphinx moth.

Shrub

Part sun / Part shade

Consistent moisture

Zones 3a-9b

Climate: broad

Focal point

Structure

Catharanthus roseus

Annual vinca

A tender perennial from Madagascar grown across temperate North America as a heat-loving summer annual — a mounding 6-18 inch plant in the dogbane family covered in flat five-lobed phlox-like flowers from June to frost. The species blooms rosy-pink to red with a darker mauve throat, and it shrugs off the hot, humid weather that wilts most bedding plants. Every part of the plant is poisonous: it is the natural source of the vinca alkaloids used in chemotherapy.

Annual

Full sun / Part shade

Moderate water

Zones 10a-11b

Climate: narrow

Border

Filler

Container

Malus domestica

Apple

The domesticated orchard apple — a deciduous Rosaceae tree grown for its showy, edible fruit and fragrant April blossom of five white-to-pink petals around a ring of yellow stamens. Not native to North America (the genus Malus spans Europe, Asia, and North America, but the cultivated apple is an Old World hybrid lineage). Almost all varieties are self-incompatible: a second, different apple cultivar blooming at the same time must be nearby for fruit to set, and trees are grown on dwarf, semi-dwarf, or standard rootstocks that decide final size.

Tree

Full sun

Moderate water

Zones 5a-8b

Climate: narrow

Edible

Focal point

Structure

Prunus armeniaca

Apricot

A small deciduous Rosaceae fruit tree grown for its golden-orange, red-blushed drupes — fragrant, showy, edible, and ripening in summer. Fragrant white flowers (pink in bud) open in early spring before the foliage, two weeks ahead of peaches. That early bloom is also its weakness: the flowers are extremely susceptible to frost injury, so apricots are notoriously hard to crop reliably outside sheltered sites.

Tree

Full sun

Moderate water

Zones 5a-8b

Climate: narrow

Focal point

Edible

Structure

Symphyotrichum oblongifolium

Aromatic aster

A native central + eastern US perennial with intensely aromatic foliage when crushed and dense clouds of small blue-purple flowers in late fall — often the latest-blooming aster in the eastern flora. Drought + clay tolerant; among the toughest native fall pollinator plants.

Perennial

Full sun

Moderate water

Zones 3a-8b

Climate: broad

Pollinator

Border

Viburnum dentatum

Arrowwood viburnum

A native eastern + central North American multi-stemmed deciduous shrub with dentate (toothed) foliage, white spring flower clusters, blue-black drupes, and reliable fall color. Especially valued for wildlife — among the most-cited native shrubs for fall-migration bird forage.

Shrub

Full sun / Part shade

Moderate water

Zones 2a-8b

Climate: broad

Structure

Pollinator

Border

Showing 24 of 369 plants. Search above to narrow the list.

Planting collections

Finished planting recipes where every member can handle this region's climate range. The fit badge uses the collection's most sensitive plant, so a resilient collection is a safer starting point than any single standout.

Climate-resilient · 2 plants

Bright shade foundation

A part-shade planting with shrub structure and low foliage contrast.

Annabelle hydrangea

Coral bells

Climate-resilient · 8 plants

Climate-resilient natives for warming zones (eastern NA)

A pollinator-supporting palette of eastern North American natives with broad hardiness ranges and wide native distributions. Built for gardeners who want a planting that can handle warming zones without giving up wildlife value.

Switchgrass

Little bluestem

Common milkweed

Black-eyed Susan

Wild bergamot

Sweet Joe-Pye weed

Cutleaf coneflower

New England aster

Climate-resilient · 3 plants

Kitchen patio planters

A compact edible collection for containers, patios, and near-door harvesting.

Genovese basil

Lacinato kale

Coral bells

Climate-resilient · 6 plants

Mediterranean drought-tolerant edible

A low-water edible palette of culinary herbs + a hardy grape for hot dry sunny sites. Mediterranean-origin plants thrive on neglect; their primary failure mode is overwatering, not underwatering.

English lavender

Rosemary

Garden sage

Oregano

Common thyme

Fox grape

Climate-resilient · 9 plants

Native pollinator border (eastern US)

A continuous-bloom native pollinator strip for eastern North America. Covers spring through frost with host + nectar plants spanning monarchs, native bees, hummingbirds, and specialist Lepidoptera. Little bluestem provides the matrix grass + Hesperiidae host.

Butterfly weed

Common milkweed

Purple coneflower

Wild bergamot

Scarlet bee balm

Little bluestem

Sweet Joe-Pye weed

Swamp sunflower

Smooth blue aster

Climate-resilient · 4 plants

Sunny pollinator border

A durable sunny border with summer bloom, seedheads, and upright winter texture.

English lavender

Purple coneflower

Black-eyed Susan

Switchgrass

Similar planting regions

Browse other regions with a similar hot, dry-summer rhythm. Their plant lists can suggest species and combinations worth comparing.

RESOLVE 309 - Indomalayan

Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests

The Eastern Himalayan subalpine conifer forests form a narrow belt of high-mountain forest stretching from the Kali Gandaki (Gandaki) River in central Nepal eastward through Bhutan and into the Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim regions of northern India, with adjacent reaches into Myanmar and Tibet, occupying the band roughly between 3,000 and 4,000 metres just below the Himalayan treeline. The canopy is dominated by conifers such as fir (Abies spectabilis), larch (Larix griffithii), junipers (Juniperus recurva and J. indica), and blue pine (Pinus wallichiana), with Himalayan birch (Betula utilis) and an understory rich in rhododendrons. Drawing moisture from the Bay of Bengal monsoon, the eastern stretches are notably wetter than the western Himalayas and support a higher treeline, with cold, snowy winters that fall below freezing. Sitting at the transition between the Indomalayan and Palearctic realms, the ecoregion harbors around 90 mammal species and roughly 200 bird species, including red pandas, takins, and ground-dwelling pheasants and tragopans, and a substantial share of it lies within protected areas such as Langtang, Jigme Dorji, and Kanchenjunga. For gardeners, this is a heartland of ornamental rhododendrons, with native species including Rhododendron hodgsonii, R. barbatum, R. campylocarpum, and R. thomsonii.

Temperate Conifer Forests

Zones 5b-12a

+5.5°F by 2070

10,608 sq mi

NNH tier 2

RESOLVE 345 - Nearctic

Alberta-British Columbia foothills forests

The Alberta-British Columbia foothills forests form a transitional temperate conifer ecoregion straddling the boundary between the Rocky Mountains to the west and the Mid-Canada boreal plains to the east, lying mostly in Alberta with a portion in British Columbia. Mixed forests of lodgepole pine, quaking aspen, jack pine, and white spruce dominate, with balsam poplar, paper birch, and balsam fir also common, while wetter sites support black spruce and tamarack. The climate is subhumid and cold temperate, with short summers averaging 13-15C, cold winters from -17.5 to -10C, and annual precipitation of roughly 400-600 mm. Heavily altered by agriculture, logging, and oil and gas development, only about 1% of the ecoregion holds protected status.

Temperate Conifer Forests

Zones 6b-7b

+5.6°F by 2070

46,764 sq mi

NNH tier 2

RESOLVE 689 - Palearctic

Alps conifer and mixed forests

The Alps conifer and mixed forests ecoregion follows the Alps mountain range across central Europe, spanning France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Liechtenstein, Austria, and Slovenia. Its montane forests are a mix of conifers and broadleaves, with Norway spruce, silver fir, European larch, and mountain pine alongside European beech, and prostrate pine in the outer ranges. The region sits at the transition between the Mediterranean climates of southern Europe and the more humid, temperate Euro-Siberian zone, so its western reaches feel mild Atlantic air while the central area is continental. It is one of the richest places in Europe for plants, holding roughly 4,500 native vascular plant species including about 400 endemics, and the recovered Alpine ibex serves as its flagship species; around 27 percent of the ecoregion lies within protected areas such as Gran Paradiso and Vanoise national parks. For gardeners, several classic alpine ornamental genera are native here, including Campanula, Primula, Saxifraga, and Draba.

Temperate Conifer Forests

Zones 6b-10a

+4.8°F by 2070

57,712 sq mi

NNH tier 2

RESOLVE 690 - Palearctic

Altai montane forest and forest steppe

The Altai montane forest and forest steppe stretches some 1,500 km along the Altai Mountains across the border region where Russia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, and China meet, running from the Belukha Range in the northwest to the Gobi-Altai in the southeast. Its hallmark is a mosaic shaped by slope aspect: cooler, wetter north-facing slopes carry dense conifer forests of spruce and larch (including larch-cedar stands), while drier south-facing slopes give way to cold steppe and desert-steppe vegetation dominated by feather grass and Artemisia. The climate is cold and semi-arid, with cool summers and long, dry winters in which temperatures plunge well below freezing and precipitation stays low. Sitting at the crossroads of several ecoregions, altitudes, and climate zones, it harbors high biodiversity and supports a widely dispersed population of the globally threatened snow leopard, with protected areas including the Katun Nature Reserve. For gardeners, its hardy native flora includes ornamental grasses like the feather grass Stipa pennata and prairie junegrass (Koeleria).

Temperate Conifer Forests

Zones 4b-7b

+6.0°F by 2070

55,018 sq mi

NNH tier 3

RESOLVE 346 - Nearctic

Arizona Mountains forests

The Arizona Mountains forests — the sky-island and Mogollon Rim forest belt of central and eastern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and a thin strip in adjacent Mexico. Elevation banding from desert grassland and pinyon-juniper through ponderosa pine + Gambel oak, Douglas fir + aspen + white fir at higher elevations, and isolated subalpine spruce-fir on the highest peaks (Humphreys Peak, Mt. Baldy). The 'Madrean sky islands' on the southern edge connect biotic elements of the Sierra Madre Occidental with the Southwest US.

Temperate Conifer Forests

Zones 8a-11b

+3.7°F by 2070

42,830 sq mi

Editorial profile

NNH tier 4

RESOLVE 347 - Nearctic

Atlantic coastal pine barrens

The Atlantic coastal pine barrens — the fire-dependent pitch pine + scrub oak ecosystem of the New Jersey Pinelands, Long Island Pine Barrens, Cape Cod, and smaller patches across coastal Massachusetts and adjacent Rhode Island / Connecticut / Delaware. Sandy, acidic, nutrient-poor soils plus historic frequent fire produced the open canopy and rich heath / sedge understory. The NJ Pinelands National Reserve protects the largest remnant.

Temperate Conifer Forests

Zones 8b-11a

+5.7°F by 2070

5,517 sq mi

Editorial profile

NNH tier 3

Sources & citations

Cite this page

For lesson plans, articles, or regional planting notes that use this Plotwright page. To cite the underlying ecoregion framework or a specific editorial profile, use the source cards below.

Plotwright. (n.d.). Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests (Western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests). Retrieved 2026, June 14, from https://plotwright.garden/regions/resolve-310

Sources for this region

This page cites Plotwright first for the compiled view, then lists the upstream framework, climate, and editorial source pages so readers can cite the original material directly.

RESOLVE 2017 Terrestrial Ecoregions (Dinerstein et al.)

Primary ecoregion framework

Backs 4 fields

RESOLVE id

Biome + realm

Area

NNH tier

Open source

Source guide

One Earth

Backs 1 field

Editorial summary