High Monte
High Monte
The High Monte is a montane shrubland ecoregion confined to Argentina, running along the eastern slopes of the Andes from the vicinity of Salta south to Mendoza, set between the Sierras Pampeanas and the main Andean ridge and bounded by the arid Puna to the north and the Chaco and Espinal woodlands to the east. Its characteristic cover is evergreen scrubland dominated by Larrea shrubs (the jarillas, or creosote bushes), with open algarrobo woodland of Prosopis alba and Prosopis nigra where groundwater is reachable, alongside genera such as Bulnesia and Bougainvillea and an abundance of cacti and bromeliads in the north. The climate is temperate and arid to semi-arid, with sparse rainfall that falls mainly in the austral summer when the South American monsoon pushes moist air across the region. Sitting in the Andean rain shadow, it shelters notable endemics and a flagship southern mountain cavy, and its burrowing parrots act as important dispersers of algarrobo seeds. For gardeners in dry, hot-summer climates, the ecoregion is the native home of drought-hardy ornamental and shade genera including Prosopis, Larrea, and Bougainvillea.
RESOLVE 592
Neotropic
45,083 sq mi
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Landscape type
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Plant region
Neotropic
Region footprint
45,083 sq mi
Habitat pressure
Nature Could Recover (Dinerstein NNH 3)
Source & care
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Use this as the broad planting pattern for the region: High-elevation grasslands, meadows, and shrublands above the treeline or in mountain basins, including alpine and páramo systems. Cool temperatures, intense sunlight, and specialized, often endemic flora characterize them. For garden decisions, pair that context with the plant list below, then narrow by your site's light, water, soil, and mature-size constraints.
Range & origins
Marker placed inside the RESOLVE 2017 polygon at 29.2°S, 67.7°W.
Region through time
Modern footprint
RESOLVE 2017 maps 45,083 sq mi
This boundary is a modern ecological footprint for High Monte, not a permanent line on the planet. It is useful for today's plant and wildlife context because it follows recurring vegetation, climate, landform, and disturbance patterns.
Why here
montane grasslands & shrublands conditions
The region sits in the Neotropic realm and is classed as montane grasslands & shrublands. Elevation, moisture, fire, soils, coasts, and human land use can all make the real landscape more varied than a single map color suggests.
Change pressure
Nature Could Recover
Plotwright shows this as the current RESOLVE footprint. Over decades to centuries, warming, disturbance, invasive species, land use, and restoration can move the living edge of a region even when the reference map stays fixed.
Planting collections
Finished planting recipes where every member can handle this region's climate range. The fit badge uses the collection's most sensitive plant, so a resilient collection is a safer starting point than any single standout.
Climate-resilient · 2 plantas
Bright shade foundation
A part-shade planting with shrub structure and low foliage contrast.
Climate-resilient · 8 plantas
Climate-resilient natives for warming zones (eastern NA)
A pollinator-supporting palette of eastern North American natives with broad hardiness ranges and wide native distributions. Built for gardeners who want a planting that can handle warming zones without giving up wildlife value.
Climate-resilient · 3 plantas
Kitchen patio planters
A compact edible collection for containers, patios, and near-door harvesting.
Climate-resilient · 6 plantas
Mediterranean drought-tolerant edible
A low-water edible palette of culinary herbs + a hardy grape for hot dry sunny sites. Mediterranean-origin plants thrive on neglect; their primary failure mode is overwatering, not underwatering.
Climate-resilient · 9 plantas
Native pollinator border (eastern US)
A continuous-bloom native pollinator strip for eastern North America. Covers spring through frost with host + nectar plants spanning monarchs, native bees, hummingbirds, and specialist Lepidoptera. Little bluestem provides the matrix grass + Hesperiidae host.
Climate-resilient · 4 plantas
Sunny pollinator border
A durable sunny border with summer bloom, seedheads, and upright winter texture.
Similar planting regions
Browse other regions with a similar hot, dry-summer rhythm. Their plant lists can suggest species and combinations worth comparing.
RESOLVE 587 - Neotropic
Central Andean dry puna
The Central Andean dry puna spans the high Altiplano of the southern Andes across Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile, occupying the arid zone between the tree line and the permanent snow line east of the Atacama Desert. Its vegetation is mostly high-elevation grassland dominated by bunchgrasses of the genera Stipa and Festuca, with dry shrublands lower down and scattered Polylepis woodlands at higher elevations; this includes Polylepis tarapacana, the woody plant that grows at the highest elevations in the world. The climate is dry and cold, ranging from cold steppe to cold desert and receiving less than 400 millimeters of rainfall annually, and the landscape is studded with volcanoes and vast salt flats such as Uyuni, Coipasa, and Atacama. Wild camelids including the vicuna roam the puna, the endangered Andean cat is the flagship species, and the region's saline lakes and bofedal wetlands support Andean, James's, and Chilean flamingos. Cushion-forming alpine genera such as Werneria and Nototriche, along with hardy high-altitude Senecio shrubs, are among the cold-adapted plants native here.
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Zones 8b-12a
+4.5°F by 2070
98,778 sq mi
NNH tier 2
RESOLVE 588 - Neotropic
Central Andean puna
The Central Andean puna is a high-elevation montane grassland and shrubland ecoregion of the southern Andes, stretching from southern Peru through Bolivia into northern Chile and Argentina, generally between about 3,200 and 6,600 meters above sea level. Its landscape of open meadows, plateaus, high lakes, and snow-capped peaks is dominated by tussock or bunchgrass grasslands built from genera such as Calamagrostis, Agrostis, and Festuca, dotted with herbs, moss, and lichen, and accented by Polylepis (queñoa) woodland, Azorella cushion plants, and the giant bromeliad Puya raimondii. The climate is cold and semi-arid, with annual temperatures ranging from below freezing to about 15 degrees Celsius and yearly rainfall of roughly 250 to 500 millimeters. The region remains an important refuge for hardy Andean wildlife, including the vicuna, guanaco, chinchilla, and its flagship bird, Darwin's rhea, though habitat is increasingly pressured by grazing, burning, mining, and agriculture. For gardeners drawn to rugged high-altitude flora, the puna is the native home of the dramatic Puya raimondii, prized for producing one of the tallest flower spikes in the plant world.
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Zones 8b-13b
+4.0°F by 2070
82,099 sq mi
NNH tier 1
RESOLVE 589 - Neotropic
Central Andean wet puna
The Central Andean wet puna stretches across the high Andes of Peru and eastern Bolivia, blanketing plateaus, glacial valleys, and lake basins generally above 3,500 metres in elevation. Its dominant cover is high-elevation montane grassland woven from bunchgrass genera such as Festuca, Calamagrostis, Stipa, Agrostis, and Paspalum, interspersed with gnarled Polylepis woodlands, the giant rosette bromeliad Puya raimondii, and waterlogged cushion-plant bogs (bofedales) of species like Distichia muscoides. The climate is cold and seasonally wet, with nightly freezes year-round in the upper zones and a rainy season that lengthens from roughly two months in the south to about eight months in the north. All four South American camelids occur here (vicuna, llama, guanaco, and alpaca) alongside puma and Andean fox, and the ecoregion harbors many endemic birds, including the critically endangered royal cinclodes, which depends on the dwindling Polylepis forests now threatened by grazing, burning, and mining. For high, cold gardens the puna offers hardy native ornamentals, from the dramatic Puya to cool-season tussock grasses such as Festuca, Calamagrostis, and Stipa.
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Zones 10a-13b
+3.9°F by 2070
45,316 sq mi
NNH tier 3
RESOLVE 590 - Neotropic
Cordillera Central páramo
The Cordillera Central páramo is a high-Andean ecoregion that spans the treeless heights of northern Peru (the Piura and Cajamarca regions) and southernmost Ecuador, lying near the Marañón Valley in three distinct oblong patches. Above the treeline at roughly 3,200 metres and reaching toward the permanent snowline near 4,500 metres, it is covered in tussock bunchgrasses such as Calamagrostis and Agrostis along with cushion plants, low shrubs, and sedges, often over a mat of lichens and moss; characteristic woody genera include Hypericum, Polylepis, and Escallonia. The climate is cold, wet, and very cloudy, with high rainfall and temperatures that can drop below freezing. Because these isolated sky-island habitats foster high endemism, the ecoregion shelters notable wildlife including the endangered mountain tapir, its flagship species, along with the spectacled bear and northern pudú. For gardeners, the region is also the native home of quinine (Cinchona officinalis), the tree historically prized for its bark.
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Zones 11b-13b
+3.9°F by 2070
4,699 sq mi
NNH tier 3
RESOLVE 591 - Neotropic
Cordillera de Merida páramo
The Cordillera de Mérida páramo is a high-altitude grassland and shrubland ecoregion in western Venezuela, occupying isolated patches above the treeline within the Cordillera de Mérida massif, south of Lake Maracaibo. Its dry páramo is defined by the spectacular giant rosettes of Espeletia (frailejones), alongside tussock grasses, dwarf bamboo, cushion plants, and lichens, with Polylepis woodlands forming an important transition at lower elevations. The climate is alpine tundra, with no month averaging above 10 degrees Celsius, a pronounced dry season, and regular snowfall on the highest peaks. Long isolation has produced high local endemism, especially on the more remote summits, while the endangered spectacled bear and mountain tapir range through its lower portions; the World Wildlife Fund rates the ecoregion as relatively stable and intact, with protected areas including Sierra Nevada and Sierra La Culata National Parks. For gardeners, it is the native home of cold-hardy high-mountain genera such as Espeletia and the Andean rose-relative Polylepis.
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Zones 10b-13b
+3.9°F by 2070
1,084 sq mi
NNH tier 4
RESOLVE 593 - Neotropic
Northern Andean páramo
The Northern Andean páramo is a band of high-altitude grasslands that lie above the tree line and below the snow line in the equatorial Andes of Colombia and Ecuador, generally between about 3,000 and 5,000 meters. Its vegetation is a distinctive mix of tussock or bunch grasses such as Calamagrostis and Festuca, giant rosette plants of the genus Espeletia (the frailejones), low cushion plants, and shrubs of the heath family (Ericaceae). The climate is cold, humid, and cloud-bound, with moisture arriving as rain, fog, and low cloud; annual rainfall ranges roughly from 500 to 3,000 millimeters, and temperatures can fall below freezing at night yet climb toward 30°C by day. Plant endemism is very high, and the páramo serves as habitat for threatened animals including the mountain tapir and the spectacled bear, though burning, overgrazing, and road building remain ongoing pressures. For gardeners, the showy frailejón rosettes (Espeletia) and the many native heaths reflect the cool, perpetually moist conditions this ecoregion demands.
Montane Grasslands & Shrublands
Zones 10b-13b
+3.4°F by 2070
11,580 sq mi
NNH tier 1
Sources & citations
Cite this page
For lesson plans, articles, or regional planting notes that use this Plotwright page. To cite the underlying ecoregion framework or a specific editorial profile, use the source cards below.
Plotwright. (n.d.). High Monte (High Monte). Retrieved 2026, June 14, from https://plotwright.garden/regions/resolve-592
Sources for this region
This page cites Plotwright first for the compiled view, then lists the upstream framework, climate, and editorial source pages so readers can cite the original material directly.
RESOLVE 2017 Terrestrial Ecoregions (Dinerstein et al.)
Primary ecoregion framework
Backs 4 fields
RESOLVE id
Biome + realm
Area
NNH tier